The water from the well is not always clean, useful and tasty. It can reveal foreign impurities, pathogenic bacteria and even toxic substances. Only a detailed analysis of the water from the well will help to find out whether the "produced" liquid is suitable for drinking and household needs. If the results of the study are unsatisfactory, this is a reason to take up the issue of cleaning and filtering it.

A person is 70% water, so its impact on our health is enormous. Consumption of a poor-quality liquid leads to a decrease in immunity, increases the risk of various viral, bacterial and allergic diseases.

In addition, the use of contaminated water in everyday life is fraught with damage to expensive equipment (dishwashers and washing machines, boilers, kettles), clogging of pipes, the emergence of an unpleasant hard-to-remove plaque on the plumbing. Therefore, in order to preserve your own health and the contents of your wallet, it is very important to understand what kind of water flows from the taps in the house.

Even the cleanest, at first sight, water can contain a lot of harmful impurities. Absence of turbidity, odor or unpleasant aftertaste does not guarantee the safety of the liquid

The study of water: when and how

Laboratory methods for studying water from a well are conducted to determine its potable availability. In some cases, experts strongly recommend their implementation. In a number of good reasons:

1. Sale of out-of-town real estate.  The conclusion of experts on the high quality of water on the site repeatedly increases its attractiveness in the eyes of buyers when selling.
2. Purchase of land.  Having bought a plot of land, it is necessary to make an analysis of water in order to be sure of its safety.
3. The emergence of health problems.  An increase in the number of colds and gastrointestinal disorders can be directly related to the presence of harmful impurities in drinking water.
4. Desire to purchase a water purification system.  To select the optimal filtration plant, it is necessary to find out the degree of contamination of the liquid.

It is obligatory to conduct water analysis in case of deterioration of its organoleptic parameters - color, taste, smell, transparency. If the color changes on contact with air: turns yellow or even browns, stains remain on clothes and plumbing, in it, the concentration of iron is most likely increased.

Quality water contains up to 25% of the daily dose of magnesium, up to 20% - calcium, up to 70% - fluoride, up to 50% - iodine. To neglect the purity of such a valuable source of useful elements can not be

The smell of rotten eggs emanating from the liquid indicates an excess of hydrogen sulfide. To drink such water in any case it is impossible, because it can be toxic. Increased mineralization gives the liquid a salty taste. The constant use of water with a large number of sodium ions can aggravate the course of hypertension, and, in general, is not good for health.

Undoubtedly, the appearance of turbid water in the borehole should be guarded - this may indicate both mechanical contamination of the liquid and the chemical and biological "problems" of the source.

The quality of drinking well water should be assessed regularly - at least once every 1-2 years. The composition of water varies periodically - both due to natural climatic reasons (flood, drought), and through human fault. Chemical wastes leaking into the soil and toxic substances can penetrate aquifers, and unfortunately these changes are not noticeable to the unaided eye. Therefore, "keep your hand on the pulse," periodically checking the composition of water consumed, you always need.

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As for the evaluation of water quality in a new well, it is definitely not necessary to hurry here. It is recommended to conduct thorough washing of the mine and wait for 3-4 weeks, when the pollution caused by the installation work itself is leveled by itself.

Where it is better to make the analysis?

Laboratories that carry out the study of water, a lot. But preference should be given only to trustworthy firms that have licensed confirmation of the right to conduct analyzes. Specialists recommend contacting only large companies with many years of experience in this service sector. Do not be tempted by the low price; focus should be only on the quality of work and real customer feedback.

Assess the quality of water from the well can be at home. To do this, you need to purchase a special kit for express analysis. True, it will be possible to investigate a very small number of indicators

Turning to small companies, it is worth considering the fact that they are often intermediaries and do not have their own laboratories, i.e. "Redirect" the samples for analysis to other offices. You can not expect quick results in this case. Therefore, when choosing a laboratory, always be interested in whether the firm has its own resources for performing the necessary analyzes, as well as a license with the right to conduct research.

Stages and cost of testing

The first stage of the study is literate water sampling. This process can both be entrusted to the laboratory staff, and done independently. In the second case, it is very important to pay attention to such moments:

• It is advisable to take water tanks in the laboratory. In the one where the analysis will be performed. These containers were specially processed, they added preservatives that ensure the stability of the chemical composition of the liquid. The use of cookware prepared by the laboratory is the key to obtaining the most reliable verification results.
• Laboratory containers should not be rinsed.  Do not also drain the water and re-type.
• Use clean container. If there is no possibility to take vials in the laboratory, then you can use a clean glass or plastic container from under drinking water.

Please note that the containers from the sweet drinks, untreated by an abundant amount of running water, are absolutely not suitable! Sampling for the maintenance of petroleum products, fats and other organic indicators should be made in a container of dark glass.

Independent sampling of water significantly reduces the final cost of the study, but carries the risk of distortion of objective data in negligent relation to the process. Therefore, be sure to observe the following sampling rules:

1. All manipulations should be done clean, thoroughly washed with soap and hands.
2. Its utensils for delivery of water to the laboratory should be absolutely clean and free from extraneous odors (optimal container capacity is 1.5-2 liters). Before filling it should be rinsed three times with water to be analyzed.
3. The time for discharging water from an autonomous water pipe before sampling should be at least 5 minutes.
4. Fill the tank with a thin stream along the wall of the container. Do not change the water pressure by opening or closing the tap.
5. Tare should be filled with water up to the top (under the cover itself): air in the tank can affect the test results.
6. Bottles with water must necessarily be signed - specify the time, place and date of sampling.
7. It is very important that the samples enter the laboratory without delay - no later than 2 hours after the selection. If prompt delivery is not possible, the sample should be placed in the refrigerator. This will increase the "shelf life" of the selected water to 12 hours.

To assess the quality of well water, various types of analyzes are carried out - chemical, organoleptic, microbiological, extended. The cost of the research depends on the number of indicators and the set of additional services. On average, the standard analysis will cost 1500-2000 rubles, the full - in 4000-5000 rubles.

In the results of the analysis of water from the well, conducted according to all the rules by an accredited laboratory, there can be no doubt. The research will be carried out clearly and promptly

All the standards that must correspond to the water of the private water supply system are established in section 4 of SanPiN 2.1.4.1175-02. Among the mandatory indicators for assessing fluid quality:

• smell;
• chromaticity;
• turbidity;
• smack;
• hydrogen index (pH);
• nitrates;
• general rigidity;
• permanganate oxidizability;
• total mineralization;
• chlorides;
• sulfates.

If you regularly give water to the study, you can limit yourself to analyzing the basic list of indicators, which includes only the "points" for which exceedances are most often recorded (pH, stiffness, odor, iron, manganese, permanganate oxidation, total mineralization).

Such an analysis will make it possible to draw general conclusions about the quality of well water, but it will not give an opportunity to assess in general its compliance with established norms.

The deviation of the pH level more or less from the norm affects the visual condition, taste and smell of water. From the pH level, the efficiency of water treatment activities

Microbiological examination of the liquid is performed according to the following indicators:

• total microbial number;
• common coliform bacteria;
• coliphagi;
• thermotolerant coliform bacteria.

To receive results of analyzes in the majority of large laboratories it is possible in 2-5 days. Small firms manage a little slower - they need 7-14 days to prepare a study protocol.

Methods of cleaning well water

The results of analyzes that fit into all norms are excellent. In this case, you do not have to worry about special additional filtration of the liquid. But if foreign substances or dangerous concentrations of elements were detected in the water, it is necessary to take care of its qualitative cleaning.

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Usually water is purified in several stages. Their number is determined by the degree and types of pollution. The complete scheme of water purification from the well consists of the following elements:

• a "coarse" cleaning module consisting of one or more filters;
• the filter is deferred;
• softener;
• charcoal filter;
• a disinfectant;
• installation for fine cleaning (preparation of drinking water).

The more levels the water treatment system has, the better the water quality is obtained at the outlet. Nevertheless, "overload" your wallet by buying the entire arsenal of devices for cleaning is not necessary - you need to solve real problems, confirmed by the results of the analysis, and not "to fight with windmills."

Features of coarse cleaning

This stage of water treatment is necessary to remove a mechanical suspension (large particles of clay and sand, rust, silt, scale) from the liquid. Correctly selected coarse filters ensure the possibility of uninterrupted operation of thinner filters (they are installed at the beginning of the water treatment system). The liquid is purified from large impurities by passing through a grid system.

Periodically, mechanical filters are highly contaminated and require washing. To get rid of the need to dismantle the elements and stop the water supply, it is recommended to install self-cleaning filters - they are cleaned with a jet stream. A reliable choice will be devices from Honeywell (USA) or Drufi (Germany).

Softeners for hardness

A large concentration of magnesium and calcium salts makes water hard. Such water adversely affects the operation of plumbing equipment, as well as water-using electrical appliances. Deposits on heating elements (scale), calcareous deposits on pipes, shut-off valves, shower head nozzles, etc. - only a small part of the possible consequences.

Too hard water in the well can disable household and kitchen appliances. The installation of a filter-softener will save you from unforeseen expenses

Softening of the well water is a task that can be solved in several ways. It is cheaper to do this using equipment that uses the proportional dosing method of a special reagent neutralizing the hardness salt. Such devices (for example, Quantomat from BWT), are a flask with a dispenser filled with a reagent.

The reagent portions measured by the dispenser depend on the volume of water passed through the neutralizer. Unfortunately, this method does not allow talking about a full-fledged softening of water, since the magnesium and calcium salts are not removed from the liquid, but only "deactivated".

Ensure a full softening can only complex installations, the principle of functioning of which is based on ion exchange - the replacement of calcium ions by sodium ions. For this, the liquid comes into contact with the ion exchange resin. The source of sodium ions is a solution of table salt. Such equipment is quite expensive, but its use in a country house for drinking well water preparation is justified.

Sometimes, filter softeners can also be used to remove dissolved iron from water, but it is better for these purposes to use a special iron deironing plant

Importance of deironing agents

Iron is often not associated with an ordinary person with a poisonous substance. Therefore, the need to defer water wells is ignored by many. But in vain. Excess of this element in drinking water can provoke a number of internal diseases and general weakening of the body.

De-ironing of water is carried out by special filters, the principle of which is based on the conversion of iron from a soluble form to an insoluble precipitate by its oxidation. Oxidation of dissolved iron in the liquid can be carried out without reagent (artificial or natural aeration) and reagent (with the help of "powerful chemistry").

The principle of operation of pressureless reactant systems is as follows: the forced saturation of water with oxygen takes place in a special aeration column immediately before the filter. The compressor pumps air into it, the oxidation of iron occurs and it precipitates. The sediment is retained in the thickness of the filter loading.

During the aeration of water, in addition to the oxidation of iron, there are a number of other useful processes. In particular, the removal of hydrogen sulphide - a dangerous and poisonous substance that smells rotten eggs. The removal of hydrogen sulphide occurs via an electromagnetic drop-off valve located at the top of the column.

The cost of pressure defrosters is quite high, but this is fully justified by low operating costs and easy maintenance.

Modern filters for deironing water from a well in a country house are designed for efficient and uninterrupted operation for many years

In non-reagent-type devices with natural aeration, the oxidation of iron takes place in a storage tank. This process takes much longer than with artificial saturation with air. The compressor is not here. After oxidation, the pump pumps the water directly into the iron remover.

Reagent type filters remove iron by catalytic method. Oxidation of the element occurs on the surface of granules of a special medium with filtering abilities, the delay of the formed compounds - in its thickness. Such systems are highly productive and compact; they are cheaper than reagent analogs, but they require regular spending on the purchase of reagents.

Disinfection of water from a well

Disinfectors are usually used in the final stage of water treatment. The main task of this equipment is the destruction of bacteria and other microorganisms. The most common are ultraviolet sterilizers. Disinfecting effect is achieved due to a number of photochemical reactions. Some complicated maintenance UV filters do not require, they only need to periodically change the lamp.

It is important to note that the chemical composition of water in the process of "sterilization" does not change.

Self-preparation of the "configuration" of the purification system is possible only if there is a special knowledge in the field of hydrochemistry. Otherwise, it is better to entrust this issue to professionals

Reverse osmosis systems: drinking water treatment

The most effective method of obtaining water with drinking parameters is its purification by reverse osmosis plants. In this case, the liquid is passed through a special membrane that holds absolutely all foreign impurities. The water quality at the output of reverse osmosis systems is the highest possible, meeting the most stringent requirements.

The only flaw in the reverse osmosis treatment is the absence of mineral composition in the liquid. Special salt cartridges solve the problem. This equipment is quite compact, it is quietly placed under the kitchen sink.

Useful video materials on the topic

A convincing argument for the importance of analyzing well water:

Overview of the system for cleaning water in the cottage:

Advantages of water treatment using reverse osmosis systems:

It is absolutely obvious that it is by no means possible to neglect the periodic study of the chemical and microbiological composition of water. Contaminated liquid is a very real threat to health, and it is very naive to assume that it is "streaming from Borjomi" from your well. Absolute majority of sources require water treatment to some extent.

Properly selected filters will help to cope with any pollution and make the water really clean and useful.

Artesian wells take water from limestone aquifers. But, despite the good natural filtration, although its water is the cleanest in comparison with other sources, it still has some pollution.

Whence come impurities in the well water? Let's try to figure out what exactly affects the quality of artesian water.

The main factor of groundwater pollution is its contact with a mixture of sand and clay, the so-called Quaternary deposits. The layer of these deposits is located directly on the limestone aquifer. Limestone has small cracks, through which the waters of quaternary deposits penetrate the horizon, bringing into its water iron (up to 10 mg / l).

The next thing that can cause contamination of artesian water is the technology of drilling wells. One of the errors in drilling is the mating of the horizons - when there is no tightness between the upper aquifer and the limestone horizon.

Requirements and norms for water quality

There are special standards that specify the requirements for the quality of water from underground sources. So, iron in such water should contain no more than 1 mg per 1 liter, sulfates - not more than 500 mg / l, total hardness - not more than 7 meq / liter. Such requirements exist for many chemical elements, compounds and even for the number of microorganisms in 1 liter of water there are norms. Compliance with the drilling technology and hydrogeology of the area greatly contributes to the reduction of impurities in the well water.

For example, knowing that the content of minerals and fluorine in the water increases as the horizon "falls" in depth, it is necessary to drill wells for water in the area under which the aquifer lies closer to the surface, unless, of course, it violates the sanitary norms location of cesspools, garbage dumps, etc.). But on the other hand, it is believed that iron brings Jurassic clays, and that to reduce the iron content in water, the water intake part of the well is located deeper.

The quality of water in the suburbs

The underground waters of the suburbs are rich in iron.  It is contained in groundwater and in the aquifer, formed by coal deposits. You can not mix the waters of different horizons with the waters of limestone deposits, and secondly, the upper layers of limestone (1-3 m) must be thoroughly cased with pipes.

Also, iron can be located between the water horizons in the clays, which (horizons) they share. Such clays, for example, are located between Kasimov and Gzhel limestone horizons. Such a layer when drilling artesian wells should be isolated by deaf casing sections. In general, hermetically sealed pipes in the casing will avoid the entry of other water, and therefore of various impurities, into the well.

In order to know the chemical composition of water from your well, it is necessary to perform a water analysis in a specialized laboratory or organization that has such a laboratory. Based on the data of such a water analysis, it will be possible to proceed with the selection of a water treatment system, which will make the consumption of water safe for home appliances and your health.

Water from an Abyssinian well is, as a rule, pure and high-quality water. The feeding zone of this water is located on a vast territory. That is, precipitation can feed it many kilometers from you, it gradually migrates underground - and you pump it out in your area.

According to the mineral composition, this water is distinguished by a low content of salts of hardness, manganese and other elements.

Bacterial contamination is also extremely low, since sand is an excellent bacterial filter, sand adsorbs on itself a huge amount of organic matter. Sand is also used in backfill water clarifier filters. Unlike a conventional well, the water from the Abyssinian well is taken from the depths, so it does not get the perchage inherent in some wells from concrete rings.

The only headache of water from a needle driven needle in some regions is iron. IRON IN WATER IS PRESENT ANYWHERE, IN EACH LOCATION BY DIFFERENT.  According to the content of iron, water from different aquifers can differ!

For example, the 1st water is good, but it is too close to the surface, the 2nd water is red, the third is good.

Unfortunately, it also happens that there is only one aquifer in the given area - and in it water is red, or drifting with time. In our practice - each well is individual!

This is the situation, for example, in the Moscow region - in one village water from the Abyssinian wells is clean, in the other - glandular.

And in Stavropol, for example, all the water is good, but to pierce it with the spear of an Abyssinian well, it is necessary to pierce a considerable layer of brown clay.

The quality of water from an artesian well

Water from deep artesian wells, on the contrary, contains a large amount of hardness salts, iron in a dissolved 2-valent form, manganese and other elements that dissolve in water. 2-valent iron is soluble iron, while in air in such water, iron passes into a 3-valent form and precipitates. This is manifested by rusty flakes, the water becomes brown, a precipitate appears. But this again is not everywhere!

In practice, there are such cases:

1. We killed an Abyssinian well - the water in it is clean, good. Neighbors drilled an artesian well - the water in it is ferruginous.
2. We killed an Abyssinian well - the water in it is glandular. We drilled an artesian well - the water is clean. And the air does not brown.

In general, a lot of situations.

But in general, the water from the Abyssinian wells has proved itself very well! And if on your site the ground allows you to make an Abyssinian well, then it's definitely better to do it!

  WATER OF MOSCOW REGION

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Ecological problems of groundwater use

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF MOSCOW REGION: ECOLOGY AND SANITARY-HYGIENIC CHARACTERISTICS

· General ecological problems of using groundwater for the needs of domestic and drinking water supply

Underground waters are much more protected from external factors, compared to surface waters, but pollution of aquifers still occurs. According to the official data of the State epidemiological supervision for 1999, more than 1800 foci of groundwater pollution were registered in the country, of which 78% are located in the European part of Russia. According to expert estimates, the total consumption of contaminated groundwater in 1999 was 5-6% of their total quantity used for drinking water supply, and, unfortunately, this figure increases every year.

Above all, aquifers are exposed to pollution, located above the level of waterproof rocks. In densely populated areas, pollution also penetrates into deeper horizons due to their intensive evacuation. Thus, the so-called depression funnels are formed, in which the groundwater is replenished from the above contaminated horizons. One of these funnels is noted in Moscow and the surrounding areas.

· Physical-geographical characteristics of underground waters of the Moscow region

Underground waters in the Moscow region have 5 levels of occurrence:

· Groundwater

· Intermortem half-water aquifer

· The Upper Jurassic horizon

· Medium-carbon pressure head horizon

· Lower carbonaceous pressure horizon

The first three levels are higher than the first from the surface of the waterproof horizon, the depth of which in the Moscow region is very variable and varies from 1-3 to 70 m. Groundwater is characterized by a lack of pressure, sharp differences in the depth and thickness of the aquifers. Below the groundwater level, there are 2 more aquifers that are hydraulically connected to groundwater, this is an inter-moraine semi-pressure aquifer and the Upper Jurassic horizon.

All three of the horizons are fed mainly by atmospheric precipitation and surface runoff. Replenishment of water in them occurs mainly in the spring. The outlet to the surface of groundwater occurs in the valleys of small rivers and streams, the waters of the intermorennial semi-pressure horizon seep to the surface through ancient and modern sand deposits (alluvium) in river floodplains, the waters of the suprajur aquifer come to the surface through large ascending sources located in river beds.

The medium-carbon and lower-carbon pressure aquifers lie at a depth of more than 100 m in limestone and dolomite deposits of the Carboniferous period. They are characterized by considerable power - up to 50-70 m and relative hydraulic isolation from other aquifers. These waters are the main source of water supply to cities and towns in the Moscow region.

· Chemical composition of groundwater

In general, the groundwater of the Moscow region is characterized by a high degree of mineralization, the concentration of salts reaches 20 mg / l. Water has an increased alkalinity, due to a high content of hydrocarbonates, as well as rigidity due to the abundance of calcium and magnesium salts. In some cases, the MPC is exceeded for the content of iron and manganese, as well as an increased concentration of fluoride compounds.

The chemical composition of groundwater is determined by the following factors.

· Type of food

· Composition of rocks

· The degree of isolation from surface runoff and other aquifers

Groundwater in the Moscow region is a hydrocarbonate-calcium-magnesium type with a small content of sulfates and chlorides. In the formation of their salt composition, the main role is played by the infiltration of atmospheric precipitation through the soil. This is associated with an increased concentration of iron and manganese salts in them. In addition, under the influence of contaminated surface runoff, in some cases an increased content of cadmium, aluminum, lead, arsenic, nickel, chromium, cobalt, vanadium is recorded.

Data on exceeding the MPC for one or more of these indicators are available for wells in the vicinity of Volokolamsk, pos. Shcherbinka, Istra, and other large industrial regions. In areas of intensive agricultural activities - in Mozhaisk and Istra regions, as well as in the vicinity of Zvenigorod in groundwater, organophosphorus pesticides were found, as well as an increased concentration of biogenic elements, in particular ammonium nitrogen.

Pollution of groundwater can be associated not only with the infiltration of certain substances through soil horizons, but also with violation of the norms of operation of water intake facilities and the absence of strictly protected zones of sanitary protection. In particular, this is due to the majority of cases of bacterial contamination of underground sources.

The waters of the intermorennial semi-pressure and super-Jurassic pressure head differ in their physicochemical properties from groundwater, since in most cases they are connected hydraulically with them. The level of contamination decreases with depth. The deepest waters of the mid-carbon and low-carbon pressure head are more mineralized than ground waters. They practically everywhere refer to a hydrocarbonate-calcium-magnesium type with a small admixture of sulfates and chlorides. However, in some localities, the sulfate prevails in the salt composition.

Due to the presence of minerals of celestite and strontium in rocks forming aquifers of deep occurrence, an increased content of strontium (up to 2-5 mg / l) is observed in groundwater. The concentration of strontium in water gradually increases with the depth of the wells. In the waters of the Middle Carbon, there is often an increased content of fluoride compounds. In the wells of Mozhaisk and Ruza regions, the concentration of fluorine often exceeds the MPC equal to 1.2 mg / l.

· Sanitary and hygienic characteristics of groundwater and methods for their purification

Underground waters of the Moscow region are characterized by increased rigidity. The presence of calcium and magnesium ions determines the overall rigidity. Carbonate hardness depends only on the concentration of hydrocarbonates and carbonates of these elements. The average total hardness of water in the Moscow region is in the range 4.2-5.7 meq / liter at a standard of 8.0 meq / liter. (normal total water hardness, at which the consumer has no problems - 2.5-3.0 meq / liter).

The most effective way to soften water is the ion exchange method. Its principle is the property of certain substances in contact with water to replace the ions of undesirable elements contained in the solution with safe ions of sodium, hydrogen, etc. Usually, water filters use filters loaded with special polymer ion-exchange materials. The efficiency of their operation is determined by the ion-exchange capacity of the load, which in turn depends on the operating mode and, in particular, on the filtration rate.

One of the most pressing problems in the use of underground water in the Moscow Region for drinking water supply is the increased concentration of iron and manganese. The MPC for these elements in accordance with the Sanitary Rules and Norms adopted in 2001 (SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01) is 0.3 and 0.1 mg / L, respectively. Despite the absence of a pronounced toxic effect, these elements are important in sanitary and hygienic respect, since their concentration determines the intensity of development of specific microorganisms - iron bacteria, colonies of which settle on the internal surfaces of pipes and metal structures. In the process of vital activity these organisms secrete iron-oxidizing enzymes, which increases the rate of corrosion processes tenfold. In this case, insoluble oxidation products are released into the water, which increases the turbidity of the water and gives it color.

Various methods are used to purify water from excess iron. The most accessible among them is the aeration of water and treatment with its oxidizers - chlorine, permanganate, ozone, etc. Effective also is the use of filtration through ion-exchange filter elements.

In some areas of the Moscow region in the underground waters there is an increased content of fluorine. This element is necessary for the human body, where it plays an important role in the formation of tooth enamel. At the same time, an increased concentration of fluoride leads to a lesion of bone tissue, known as fluorosis.

To remove excess fluorine concentration, filtration through sorbents - oxides and hydroxides of aluminum and magnesium, calcium phosphate, basic aluminum salts is used.
Recent cases of pollution of groundwater make the problem of cleaning up from organic pollutants and, in particular, pesticides an urgent one. Most of these compounds have high toxicity and their presence in drinking water is highly undesirable. To purify water from organic materials, it is treated with various oxidizers - chlorine, permanganate, ozone. A high effect is obtained by sorption on filters loaded with activated carbon. The cheapest way to remove organic matter is aeration.

See also ESTIMATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS OF THE WATER SOURCE ...
V. Lukin,
ecologist, Ph.D.
  When quoting an article, please do not forget to give a link to the source. Thank you.

Hydrogeology

HYDROGEOLOGY (from hydro ... and geology), the science of underground waters; studies their composition, properties, origin, patterns of distribution and motion, as well as interaction with rocks
The structure of hydrogeological research includes the following types of services:

The study of water resources for solving the problems of water supply
- Justification of the standards for the permissible environmental impact (EIA, VCP, permissible withdrawal of groundwater in assessing their operational reserves)
- Creation of monitoring systems for subsoil, surface and groundwater bodies, water management systems
- Research and forecasting of anthropogenic impact on the environment
- Information support for environmental management
- Resolution of water management problems of mining enterprises
- Consulting services and expert opinions

Depth map for artesian wells

Map of depths for wells on the second water-bearing sand and wells.

The conventional hydrogeological scheme MO
(major aquifers)

2 horizons: Klyazminsko-Assel, in some places - Kasimovsky
Lmax, m - 150
Nmax, m - 50
Klyazminsko-Assel (the probable debit is 0.3 ... 27 l / s)
Composition:
Fe (mg / l) - 0.2 ... 0.7 (excluding Klin and Taldom)
F (mg / l) - 0.2 ... 1
F - 4-7 m-e / l
HCO3-, SO4-2, Ca2 +, Mg2 +
Kasimovsky (the probable debit is 2 ... 8 l / s)
Composition:
Fe (mg / l) - 0.3 ... 0.4 (Dmitrov, Noginsk, Orekhovo-Zuevo - 1.5 ... 3.9)
F (mg / l) - up to 3,6
F - 5.2 ... 6 m-e / l
H2S (Dmitrov) - up to 0,003 mg / l

· II district

2 horizons: Kasimovsky and Podolsky-Myachkovsky
Kasimovsky (the probable debit is 0.5 ... 7 l / s)
Lmax, m - 20 ... 125
Nmax, m - 10 ... 60

Composition:
Fe (mg / l) - 0,2 ... 0,9 - up to 5 (Yegoryevsk, Klin, Solnechnogorsk, Khimki)
F - 3 ... 7 m-e / l
HCO3-, Ca2 +, Mg2 +, Na +
Podolsko-Myachkovsky - Balashikha, Egorievsk, Khimki (the probable debit is 0.5 ... 7 l / s)
L, m - 25 ... 180
N, m - 20 ... 90

Composition:
Fe (mg / l) - 0,1 ... 1,0 - up to 6 (Egorievsk, Klin, Solnechnogorsk, Khimki)
F - 3,5 ... 7,2 m-e / l
HCO3-, Ca2 +, Mg2 +, Na +

· III district

2 horizons: Podolsko-Myachkovsky, in some places - Kashirsky, partly both (probable debit - 1,5 ... 7 l / s)
West Side:
Lmax, m - more than 100
H, m - more than 100

East End:
L, m - 20 ... 80
N, m - 18 ... 40

Composition:
Fe, mg / l - 0.5 ... 2.3 - up to 7.5 (Narofominsk)
Ж, м-э / л - 5 ... 7
H2S, mg / l - up to 0,003 (in some places)

· IV district

2 horizons: Kashirsky and Oksko-Protvinsky (the probable debit is 0,7 ... 7 l / s)
L, m - 80 ... 160
N, m - 80 ... 100 (up to 150)
Composition:
Fe, mg / l - 0.5 ... 2.5
F, mg / l - 0.2 ... 1.0 - up to 4.8 (Mozhaisk)
Ж, м-э / л - 5 ... 7,5
СО32-, Ca2 +, Mg2 + - 0,4 g / l

Oksko-Protvinsky horizon (the probable debit is 0,1 ... 4 l / s)
L, m - 20 ... 80
N, m - 15 ... 30
Composition:
F, mg / l - 0,1 ... 1,5
F, mg / l - 0,1 ... 1,5
Ж, м-э / л - 4 ... 7,7
СО32-, Ca2 +, Mg2 + - 0,4 g / l

In the explanations, L is the depth of occurrence of limestone in meters (from the bottom), H is the head of water in the well (the distance from the surface of the earth to the level of water that has settled after pumping), the rigidity (G) and hydrogeochemical characteristics of the water is its salt composition.

The chemical composition of the groundwater of limestone horizons is predominantly hydrocarbonate, calcium-magnesium, often with a high content of iron and fluorine. The maximum permissible concentration (MPC) of iron and fluorine is 0.3 mg / l and 0.7-1.5 mg / l, respectively. Water hardness, determined by the total content of calcium and magnesium, expressed in milligram equivalents per liter, does not formally exceed the MPC level (7 mg-e / l). At the same time, for normal operation of domestic water equipment and for drinking purposes, the rigidity should be reduced to a level of 2.5-3 mg-e / l.

A serious problem can be created by hydrogen sulphide, dissolved in underground water, whose characteristic smell (rotten eggs) is captured at concentrations even in thousandths of mg / l.

The red digits in the diagram are the interval of occurrence of the water-bearing sands, the blue figure below them is the probability (1 = 100%) of the presence of water (according to the actual drilling data of the companies KVO and Mosgeoplan).
A. Sekisov,
hydrogeologist, D.Sc.

Limestones in the Moscow region
The ancient limestones of the Carboniferous period lie in the Moscow suburbs at depths of 20 meters (south, southeast, to over two hundred meters (northeast) .The marks are given from the bottom (lower boundary of the layer). The limestone layers can significantly change their thickness (thickness) and form (representing the folds) .In addition, within the deposits of limestones themselves, there may be thin clastic strata of clay and silicified areas.