Methods for determining the estimated cost. Methods for determining the estimated cost of construction products in market conditions Basic methods for determining the estimated cost of construction
The new regulatory and estimate framework of 2001 for the implementation of contractual relations between participants in investment activities and determination of the estimated cost of construction products contains the following conditions:
Possibility of forming negotiated prices for construction products;
Independence of subjects of investment activity in compliance with the principle of equality of participants in the investment process, mutual consent of the parties in determining the price of construction products;
Determination of the cost of construction products at different stages of the investment cycle;
Providing a full set of estimate standards, both aggregated and elemental, for a wider choice of the appropriate regulatory framework when calculating costs;
Variant and flexible approach to determining the price of construction products without excessive centralization and strict regulation;
The recommendatory nature of the Federal Standards and Estimates (GFSN) to take into account industry, territorial and local conditions of construction and reflect these features in estimate standards at these levels.
This approach makes it possible to be in line with the general pricing policy of the Russian Federation, to comply with the specifics of the construction industry, to determine the cost of construction products taking into account local conditions, natural, geographical and economic factors.
Price formation for construction products is carried out with the simultaneous participation of several independent subjects of investment activity - investor, customer, designer and contractor, each with its own goals and objectives.
The main task of the investor and customer is to design and build a facility in the shortest possible time, at minimal cost, which will give a faster income. The main task of the designer and the customer is the profitability of the production process of construction products due to the rise in price of construction products or due to construction progress. This imposes special conditions when determining the price of construction products, and contradictions are resolved with the use of certain stimulants in the process of drawing up a contract and determining the contract price.
The assessment of the cost of construction products is carried out by the customer and the contractor on an equal basis in the manner of concluding an agreement or signing a contract. When preparing investment proposals for assessing the cost of construction at the feasibility study stage and at the pre-project stage, upon request of the investor, it is recommended to draw up investor estimates(calculations, costing). When preparing for the conclusion of a capital construction contract, based on the tender documentation sent by the investor, it is recommended to draw up - contractor's estimates(calculations, estimates, calculation of construction costs).
Investor and contractor estimates can be drawn up on an alternative basis using various methods, the choice of which depends on the contractual conditions and the general economic situation, in particular, resource, resource-index, base-index, base-compensation methods and analog (using a data bank on the cost of previously built or designed analogue objects), (Fig. 3.5).
Fig. 3.5 Methods for determining the estimated cost of construction.
The resource method of determining cost is the calculation of resources (cost elements) in current (forecast) prices and tariffs necessary for the implementation of the design solution. Calculation is carried out on the basis of the need for materials, products, structures expressed in natural meters, data on distances and methods of their delivery to the construction site, energy consumption for technological purposes, operating time of construction machines and their composition, labor costs of workers. These resources are allocated from design materials, regulatory and other sources. The resource method allows you to determine the estimated cost of construction products at any point in time, including taking into account additional resource costs during construction.
Resource index method is a combination of the resource method with a system of indexes for resources used in construction.
Basis-index method determination of value is based on the use of a system of current and forecast indices in relation to the value determined at the basic level.
Bringing current (forecast) prices to the level is carried out by multiplying the base cost along the lines of the estimate and each of the elements of the technological structure of capital investments by the corresponding index for the industry, territory, region, type of work, followed by summing up the results of the estimate document according to the corresponding columns.
Basic compensation method- this is the summation of the cost of work and costs calculated at the basic price level, and additional costs associated with changes in prices and tariffs for resources consumed in construction (material, technical, energy, labor, equipment, inventory, services, etc.) and clarification of these calculations during the design process depending on real changes.
Time-based method involves calculating costs based on prices per unit of working time and is used mainly for small-scale work, for example, repairs or household work.
Analog- can be used if there is a data bank on the cost of previously constructed or designed objects, similar to those being designed or built at the moment.
It is advisable to carry out the cost of construction in the investor’s estimate documentation at two levels:
At the basic (constant) price level, determined on the basis of current estimated norms and prices;
At the current or forecast level, determined on the basis of prices prevailing at the time of drawing up estimates or forecast for the period of the project.
Estimate documentation is drawn up taking into account information about current changes in prices for resources used in construction. Therefore, to determine the cost of construction products provided for by the detailed design at various stages of the investment process, it is necessary to use a system of current and forecast indices, differentiated by elements of the structure of capital investments.
Index - This is a relative indicator that characterizes the ratio of current (forecast) cost indicators to basic cost indicators for resources comparable in nomenclature and structure, depending on changes in complex economic phenomena, the elements of which cannot be directly summed up. Indices are expressed in dimensionless quantities, most often with two significant figures after the decimal point. Indices are formed on the basis of statistical reporting data by region and are developed both for the overall cost of contract work and for the cost of consumed resources or cost items.
The estimated price at the current level (C r t.u.) is determined by the formula:
C r t.u.= C b + I p
where: I p – price index for a certain resource;
C b – price at the basic level
The estimated price at the forecast level (Ts R pr.) is determined by the formula:
C R pr.= ----------------
where: I inf.= inflation index
Until the economic situation stabilizes and the formation of market structures and pricing is completed, of all possible methods for determining the estimated cost, the resource and resource-index methods have priority.
Basic methods for determining the estimated cost of construction and installation work.
Basic methods for determining the estimated cost of construction and installation work by design stages. see question 25.
The estimated cost of construction of enterprises, buildings and structures is the amount of funds required for its implementation in accordance with
with design materials.
When determining value, concepts such as: new
construction, expansion, reconstruction, technical re-equipment and
maintaining the capacity of existing enterprises, as well as work on
major repairs of buildings and structures.
When preparing estimates, the following methods can be used:
Resource; base-index; resource-index;
basic compensation;
Resource- calculation in current prices and tariffs of resources (materials, products,
designs, delivery, time
operation of construction machines and their composition, labor costs of workers). Resources are allocated from the design materials, various
regulatory and other sources.
Basis-index method- use of current and forecast indices in relation to the value determined in the basic level. The calculation of price indices that take into account changes in price indicators for material, technical, labor and other resources is carried out in the manner specified in the letter from the Ministry of Construction of Russia. To bring current (forecast) prices to the level, the base cost is multiplied by the corresponding index for the industry, type of work, followed by summing up the results of the estimate document according to the columns.
Resource index method is a combination of the resource method with a resource index system.
Basic compensation method- this is the summation of the cost of work and costs calculated at the basic level of estimated prices, and additional
costs associated with changes in prices and tariffs for resources consumed in construction (material, technical, energy, labor, equipment, inventory, services, etc.).
The method of using a data bank on the durability of previously built or designed objects is the use of cost data on previously built or designed similar buildings and structures when designing an object.
To determine the estimated cost of construction of enterprises, buildings and structures at different stages of design, it is recommended to draw up the following estimate documentation.
As part of the project (working draft):
Cost summary (if necessary);
Consolidated estimate of the cost of construction (repair);
Object and local estimate calculations;
Estimates for certain types of costs;
An explanatory note with technical and economic indicators for the project, comparison of analogue and project data.
As part of the working documentation (DD):
Object and local estimates.
Object estimate calculation. (Object estimate)
This is a calculation of the cost of a construction project based on the cost of individual local estimates. For example, if the object is a standard residential building, then the estimates will be for: site preparation, foundation, utility networks, etc. In object calculations, the units of accounting are not individual works, but entire sections or even local estimates themselves. Thus, an object estimate is a kind of “summing up” of a large construction project.
Local estimates. (Local Estimate Calculations)
A local estimate is a document already approved by the contracting parties, which has gone into further “work”. While a local estimate is simply a calculation of the cost of construction, which can be done “on the knee”. To put it simply, an estimate is a set of price lines (each of which reflects a specific job or material used) and charges made on the total cost of the work. For example, such as VAT, overhead costs, etc.
Summary estimate. (Summary estimate)
The summary estimate is the final calculation of the cost of construction. It is during the summary calculation that expenses incurred by the organization, but not directly related to construction, are taken into account. For example, costs for approvals, supervision, design. Up to the bonus for commissioning the facility. As a rule, the contract for the construction of a large facility includes the cost of the facility, taken on the basis of a summary estimate.
Cost Summary
queues in cases where, along with production facilities, design and estimate documentation is drawn up for:
a) objects of housing and civil purposes;
b) construction industry bases;
c) objects of urban ground passenger transport, roads, overpasses and other engineering structures;
d) vocational schools, dispensaries, pioneer camps, auxiliary agricultural facilities, etc.
When drawing up estimates for construction work, the contractor and investor often use several methods to determine the estimated cost, based on the economic situation, as well as the specific terms of the contract.
There are several common methods for preparing cost estimates:
- analog;
- time-based;
- basic compensation;
- base-index;
- resource-index;
- resourceful.
Resource method Preparation of estimates comes down to a step-by-step summation of the resources required for the construction of a specific design solution in current or forecast prices, values and tariffs. As for the calculation, it is carried out based on specific readings presented in natural meters of the need for resources, products, structures and materials.
It also provides information regarding distances to the construction site, offers options for the delivery of building materials, connection to energy resources, and describes the estimated labor costs of workers. The consumption and types of listed resources are determined based on data in project documentation, regulatory and other sources.
- Resource method of budgeting allows you to determine with fairly high accuracy the final cost of production in each specific period of time. In this case, all aspects of the upcoming construction are taken into account, even additional costs that often arise during construction. The resource method of preparing estimates is suitable for all stages of development of design and estimate documentation.
- the labor intensity and volume of prepared estimate documentation increases significantly, which ensures the highest possible accuracy when carrying out calculations;
- thorough work related to the need for thorough analysis and registration of construction resources and related documentation in the RCCC. The key and most difficult task is to put price tags on several thousand items with material resources, both primary and auxiliary purposes;
- It is very problematic to prepare a complete estimate, especially when it comes to the design stage, since neither designers nor customers have accurate information regarding the cost of each specific resource;
- resource method for drawing up estimate documentation in relation to large objects is possible subject to the availability of specialized computer programs.
The design organization must compile a local resource statement, defining the consumption of project resources, and only after that can it proceed to drawing up a local resource estimate. If you have a resource sheet, you can calculate a local estimate for construction. Often, such work is carried out by an estimator.
Some experts believe that the resource method of preparing estimates is initially limited to objects with a small resource range. Such methods are especially popular in road construction and the fuel and energy segment.
- Resource-index method for preparing project estimates consists of resource methodology and indices used for resources used in the construction industry. In fact, we are talking about applying updated data regarding the cost of a specific type of resource. The relevant information comes from centers specializing in pricing in the field of construction.
As for other resources, the process of transition to the current level of value is carried out through the use of territorial or regional indices.
- Base-index method of preparing estimates for construction and repair activities is based on the use of a whole complex of current and projected indices in relation to the cost determined at the basic price level. Rationing based on the level of current or forecast prices is carried out by multiplying the base value established in the estimate lines and each specific investment structural element, taking into account regional characteristics.
By determining the cost using the method under consideration, the customer guarantees that the calculated values will not be higher than the regional average. Investors can focus on reasonable and predetermined spending levels.
- Basic-compensation method for preparing construction estimates- one of the most expensive. It involves summing up the cost of both work and associated costs. Calculations are carried out at the base price level and associated costs caused by price and tariff adjustments in relation to construction resources (equipment, technical inventory, material and energy resources).
These costs include:
- reimbursement of the cost of intermediary services;
- loss of machine or working time;
- nominal labor productivity;
- overconsumption of building materials or related material resources.
- Time-based method of preparing estimate documentation involves calculating the cost based on the price per unit of time spent by a specialist. This technique is used for local and small-scale work - household repairs, local contracting.
- Analog method drawing up estimates for the construction of buildings, real estate or other structures is relevant if you have a data bank that shows prices for objects that are already ready or planned for construction. The initial data in the case under consideration must completely coincide. According to available data, the analogue method is suitable for projects at different stages of readiness, if it is possible to use specific reinforced indicators and cost values (in the case of an area we are talking about 1 square meter, for pipelines - 1 linear meter, etc.) .
- A constant or basic price level, which is determined taking into account current prices and standards.
- Forecast level established from the cost of goods and materials in effect during the period of preparation of estimate documentation.
Introduction
Conclusion
List of used literature
Application
Introduction
For the construction of any building and structure, estimates must be drawn up. The role of estimates in construction is great. Based on the estimated cost, the size of capital investments is determined, construction is financed and payments are made for the work performed. Estimate documentation is used in the process of accounting and reporting, as well as in conducting economic analysis of the activities of construction and installation organizations. Therefore, the correct determination of the estimated cost of construction products is important for the successful implementation of investment and construction activities.
Relevance: This topic is quite relevant today and is of great importance in the construction of any residential buildings.
Target: Calculation of the estimated cost of construction and installation work of a residential building in the 117th quarter of Yakutsk.
Tasks:
1) Calculation of local estimates;
2) Drawing up a calculation of the object estimate;
3) Drawing up a consolidated estimate of the cost of construction.
Chapter I. Theoretical part.
Estimated cost of construction
Estimated cost- the amount of funds necessary to carry out construction in accordance with the design materials.
Estimated cost is the basis for determining the amount of capital investments, financing construction, forming contract prices for construction products, payments for completed contract (construction and installation, repair and construction, etc.) work, payment of expenses for the purchase of equipment and its delivery to construction sites, as well as compensation other costs at the expense of funds provided for in the consolidated estimate.
The basis for determining estimated cost construction may be the customer's initial data for the development of estimate documentation, pre-project and project documentation, including drawings, statements of volumes of construction and installation work, specifications and statements of equipment needs, decisions on the organization and order of construction adopted in the construction organization project (COP), explanatory notes to design materials, and for additional work - author's supervision sheets and acts for additional work identified during the period of construction and repair work.
To determine the estimated cost of construction, estimate documentation consisting of local estimates, local estimate calculations, object estimates, object estimate calculations, estimate calculations for individual types of costs, consolidated estimate calculations of construction costs, cost summaries, etc.
The estimated cost determined by local estimates includes: direct costs, overhead costs and estimated profit.
Estimated standards
Estimated standards are a generalized name for a set of estimated standards, rates and prices, combined into separate collections. Together with the rules and regulations containing the necessary requirements, they serve as the basis for determining the estimated cost of construction.
The estimated norm considers the totality of resources (labor costs of construction workers, operating time of construction machines, requirements for materials, products and structures, etc.) established on the accepted meter for construction, installation or other work.
The main function of estimate standards is to determine the standard amount of resources, the minimum necessary and sufficient to perform the corresponding type of work, as the basis for the subsequent transition to cost indicators.
Estimated standards are divided into the following types:
1. state estimate standards - GSN;
2. industry estimate standards - OSN;
3. territorial estimate standards - TSN;
4. branded estimate standards - FSN;
5. individual estimate standards - ISN.
State estimate norms (GSN)- these are the initial estimated standards intended to determine the need for resources: labor costs of workers, construction machines, materials, when performing a full range of basic, auxiliary and related construction and installation works.
Industry estimate standards (SES) are estimate standards introduced for construction carried out within the relevant industry (energy, transport, water management, capital mining, gas pipelines, communications, certain types of industrial facilities, etc.).
Territorial construction standards (TSN) are collections of territorial construction standards that define the technical, organizational and economic aspects of design and construction production in the territories of various constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
branded estimate standards (FSN) are estimate standards that take into account the real operating conditions of a specific organization - the producer of the work. As a rule, this regulatory framework is based on standards at the state, industry or territorial level, taking into account the specific specialization of the contractor
individual estimate standards (ISN). If there are no separate standards for the work technologies envisaged in the project in the current collections of estimate standards and prices, it is allowed to develop appropriate individual estimate standards and unit prices, which are approved by the customer (investor) as part of the project (detailed design). Individual estimate standards and prices are developed taking into account the specific conditions of work with all complicating factors.
The use of proprietary and individual estimate standards to determine the cost of construction, the financing of which is carried out using federal budget funds, is recommended after their coordination with the relevant authorized federal executive body in the field of construction.
When applying individual estimate norms and prices, increasing coefficients are not applied to them.
Estimated standards are divided into elemental and enlarged.
Elemental estimate standards include state element estimate standards (GESN-2001) and individual element estimate standards, as well as standards for types of work.
The enlarged estimate standards include:
· estimated standards expressed as percentages, including:
· standards of overhead costs;
· estimated profit standards;
· estimated norms of additional costs during construction and installation work in winter;
· estimated cost standards for the construction of temporary buildings and structures;
· indices of changes in the cost of construction, installation and design and survey work, set to the base price level;
· cost standards for maintaining customer service (technical supervision)
· consolidated estimate standards and indicators, including:
· aggregated indicators of the basic cost of construction (UPBC);
· aggregated indicators of basic cost by type of work (UPBS VR);
· collections of cost indicators for types of work (collections of PVR);
· integrated resource standards (URN) and integrated resource indicators (URI) for certain types of construction;
· aggregated indicators of estimated cost (UPSS);
· price lists for consumer unit of construction products (PPU);
· price lists for the construction of buildings and structures;
· estimated cost standards for equipment and inventory of public and administrative buildings (NIAZ);
· estimated cost standards for tools and inventory of industrial buildings (NIPP);
· indicators for similar objects;
· and other standards.
Methods for determining the estimated cost of construction
When drawing up estimates (calculations), the following methods for determining the estimated cost can be used:
Basic-index;
Resource;
Resource index;
1. Basis-index (index) method of determining value.
In this case, the cost of work is determined on the basis of data taken from unit prices and indicators of conversion indices to current prices (published every month). Thus, the base-index method for determining the estimated cost makes it possible to obtain the most current cost indicators in relation to the date of the estimate. There are several methods for using conversion indices (CR) when preparing estimates:
Overall on budget. In this case, the amount of direct costs is multiplied by the CP. This method is applicable for drawing up estimates for one type of work, materials and other resources.
For each section of the estimate. If the estimate includes several sections (installation of electrical supply systems, equipment repairs, etc.), then the corresponding conversion index to current prices is applied to a certain type of work.
For each individual price.
To the elements of prices (elements of direct costs). Recalculation indices are applied to each item from the price with their subsequent summation to determine the final direct costs.
PZ = (ZP(units)*KPkZP + EM(units)*KPkEM + Mat(units)*KPkMat)*Volume
Salary (units)– Wages of workers at a unit rate
KPkZP– Salary conversion index
EM (units)– The cost of operating machines at a unit rate
KpkEM– Conversion index for machine operation
Checkmate (units)– Cost of materials at a unit price
KPkMat– Conversion index to materials
Volume– volume of work according to price.
Estimate documentation is an important element of the project of any structure or system, and therefore design organizations usually have special departments involved in the development of estimates. Under the conditions of a centralized planned system, the former. In the USSR, all calculations between customers and contractors were based on estimates, i.e. the estimated cost acted as the price of construction products. In the market conditions of the Russian Federation, the price of construction products is set on the basis of mutual agreement between the customer and the contractor on an equal basis in the process of concluding the relevant contract. However, in market conditions, the need for estimate documentation remains, although the functions of estimates change somewhat. Firstly, the estimate documentation becomes a guideline for both the customer and the contractor for establishing the contract price. Secondly, it is necessary for rational planning and analysis of costs for both the customer and the contractor, for carrying out intermediate monetary settlements between them. When concluding construction contracts, estimate documentation is not mandatory; only a protocol of agreement on the contract price is required. However, the customer has the right to request estimate documentation in any form, with any degree of detail. Most customers prefer to use this right in almost all cases, especially when the customer is a government organization. Estimate documentation covering the entire complex of objects under construction is called “consolidated”, since it usually summarizes the documentation for individual objects. If it covers only a specific object or part of it (type of work), it is called “object” or “local”, respectively. An estimate document, which is calculated without detailed specifications using aggregated indicators, is usually called an “estimate”. If a detailed cost calculation is made from working drawings without enlargement, the resulting document is usually called an “estimate.” The estimated cost is established at each design stage, and therefore its step-by-step detailing and clarification is ensured. At the pre-project stage, when drawing up the Investment Feasibility Study, the preliminary (estimated) cost of construction is determined on the instructions of the investor. It is compiled according to extremely aggregated indicators (per 1 hectare of reclaimed land, per 1 m3 of construction volume, per 1 m2 of living space, etc.), because there is no project at this stage yet. In the absence of such indicators, data on the cost of analogous objects can be used. At the Project stage, enlarged but more accurate estimates are also compiled. They are based on the drawings of this design stage and include the “Consolidated estimate calculation of the cost of construction”, site and local estimate calculations, estimates for certain types of work, including survey and design (compiled before the start of these works), etc. For several types of construction (and, accordingly, several sources of financing), a “Summary of Costs” is also compiled by type of construction (for example, irrigation, industrial, housing, etc.).
The basis for estimate calculations at this stage, as noted, is the design documentation and the current estimate and regulatory framework of 1991, or prices of 1984. with the introduction of appropriate correction factors. In the absence of estimate standards, individual prices compiled directly for such cases are used.
In the market conditions of the Russian Federation, four methods of calculating the estimated cost are used: resource resource-index base-index base-compensation
The resource method is the calculation in current (forecast) prices and tariffs of resources (cost elements). With this method, the costs of materials and products, the time spent on operating machines, the labor costs of workers are established separately in natural measurements (m3, ton, piece, man-hour, etc.), and the prices for these resources are taken current (at at the time of budgeting). Standard indicators of material consumption (NPRM) are used as a regulatory framework. This method allows you to accurately recalculate the estimated cost to new prices in the future. The resource-index method is a combination of the resource method with a system of resource price indices. Price indices are the ratio of current prices to base prices. As noted, prices as of January 1, 1991 are taken as base prices and it is permissible to use prices of 1984. as amended. The basis-index method is the use of a system of current and forecast price indices in relation to the value determined at the base level or the level of the previous period. Unlike the resource-index method, a separate determination of resource consumption in physical terms is usually not done. Reduction to current prices is performed by multiplying the base cost for each line of the estimate by the corresponding index. The base-compensation method is that the base cost is determined taking into account expected changes in prices and tariffs, and during the construction process it is clarified depending on the actual changes in these prices and tariffs. The choice of method for drawing up estimate documentation is not regulated by law and is carried out in each specific case, depending on the terms of the agreement (contract) and the general economic situation. The resource and resource-index methods are considered the most promising, however, currently the base-index method predominates in construction. The estimated cost of construction and installation work is divided into three main parts: direct costs overhead costs estimated profit (planned savings)
Direct costs include the cost of materials, products, operating costs of machines and mechanisms, and workers' wages. They are determined based on estimated standards and prices, volumes of structures or types of work, i.e. any of the above calculation methods. Overhead costs reflect the costs associated with creating general conditions for construction production, i.e. include the costs of organizing, managing and maintaining the construction site. They are most often determined as a percentage of direct costs in accordance with federal overhead standards, or according to the individual standards of a particular construction organization. It is also possible to determine them using a system of indicators of overhead costs by type of construction and installation work or aggregated indicators for the main types of construction. Estimated profit (planned savings) is the amount of funds necessary to cover expenses not directly related to this construction, but necessary for further functioning of the construction organization. These are expenses for paying taxes, developing production and its infrastructure, for material incentives and ensuring favorable living conditions for workers. Estimated profit is usually determined as a percentage of total or labor costs (for example, 50% of labor costs or 12% of estimated job costs). For this purpose, industry-wide standards or individual standards of a specific organization are used.
