Questions on “accounting. Questions for the exam in the discipline “Accounting and analysis Payroll”
1. The concept of business accounting. The requirements for it.
2. Meters used in accounting.
3. Types of economic accounting.
4. Bukh. accounting in the industrial management system. enterprises.
5. F-ii book. accounting.
I. The concept of business accounting.
Requirements for it.
A prerequisite for the existence of human society is the production of material goods that are necessary to satisfy human needs in the form of housing, clothing, etc. (pro-vo) Associated with this process are both the process of circulation and the process of exchange, distribution, and consumption of material goods. All these processes are very closely interconnected. All these processes carry costs that are not indifferent to society, which is interested in how much of which goods it needs, etc. All this necessitated the need for business accounting.
In the broadest sense of the word, economic accounting is accounting for the economy, the economic activity of human society, which consists in the continuous circulation, distribution and consumption of material goods.
Economic activity consists of numerous business transactions, facts, processes that constitute the objects of economic accounting.
The process of business accounting (CA) consists of several stages.
So, with the help of observation, we get a general idea of economic phenomena. As a result of observation, it is necessary to identify details, then register them (necessary for their preservation).
Observation, measurement and registration of economic phenomena is a quantitative reflection of the economic activity of the farm and constitutes the main content of the management. However, in addition to quantitative reflection, to manage economic activities, it is necessary to report on the effectiveness of such activities, and on the fulfillment of undertaken obligations, on qualitative changes in production (profit, cost - the most important indicators characterizing the quality of the economy).
XY is a system of quantitative reflection and qualitative characteristics of economic activity for the purpose of more effective management and control.
The need for XY arose at the earliest stages of the development of human society. Already in ancient times, humanity was not indifferent to knowing how much it has or should have for its existence, as well as how much working time it will need to spend on the production of these means.
XY is a function of managing social production. The need to manage social production leads to the emergence of management, which is historically determined by the method of social production, is carried out in the interests of society, and is improved with the development of society, its production forces and relations.
Consequently, the content of XU, its purpose and objectives are not the same for each social system.
At each stage of development of human society, the features and tasks of accounting are determined by the method of social production. It's hard to imagine a time when people couldn't count at all. Thus, primitive man did not need an account at all; he simply had nothing to write with. Everything he got, he consumed.
Counting arose when a person had something to count and when he learned to abstract from all other properties of the objects being counted, except for number, namely, having accustomed animals, and knowing them by sight, he already took into account only their quantity, distracting from the fact that that all these animals differ in gender, age, etc. However, it was necessary to count in order to monitor the safety of a given herd, its growth, and most importantly, not to eat more than what the needs of the reproduction of the livestock allowed. It was economic needs, the need for accounting that led to the emergence of accounting, which became more and more developed as people’s benefits increased.
How accounting was carried out: accounting information was first recorded in a person’s memory, then as notches, knots, etc.
The object of economic accounting was simple operations of agriculture and cattle breeding; under the primitive communal system they were not complex. Under the slave system, the object of accounting is the private property of slave owners and feudal lords, incl. slaves, peasants.
XY has undergone very strong changes over many centuries and
has reached a high degree of development. From accounting for an individual economy, it has turned into a complex system of national economy that permeates the entire country, including: accounting, operational (operational-technical) and statistical accounting.
Requirements for XU:
1. Comparability of planned and accounting indicators
If the indicators of the plan and accounting are calculated using different methods, then we will not be able to compare the data of the plan and accounting, much less analyze them; uniform indicators, methods and forms of their maintenance have been established.
2. Accuracy, objectivity, validity
Accounting data must reflect reality, otherwise it will be impossible to manage the farm. For distortion of this data, those responsible must be held accountable (and criminally).
3. Timeliness, efficiency, completeness
Accounting data, if they arrive late, lose their meaning and cannot be adapted to eliminate errors; modern office equipment is used.
Accounting must also give a complete description of economic phenomena, and only in this case will we get an idea of the economic activities of this body.
4. Clarity and accessibility
Cumbersome accounting is systematically late in presenting i and becomes confusing, as a result paving the way for mismanagement.
Credentials must be clear, simple, and accessible so that students can use them.
5. Cost-effectiveness, rationality
The costs of accounting should be minimal and this is achieved by improving methods, forms, and accounting techniques.
6. Accounting must provide for management needs a comprehensive information about the progress and results of production and economic activities. activities.
Solving this problem will contribute to the integration of types of CS, i.e. not so much the unification of individual processing operations of the same data, but the obtaining of complex, comprehensively characterizing certain households. phenomena, operations, their results.
II. For a comprehensive reflection of households. The following types of meters are used in accounting:
1. Natural
They are used to record objects in their natural form and are reflected in units, kg. Widely used in accounting for material assets (raw materials, fixed assets, piece goods).
The application is important for monitoring the safety of property. They can only be used to monitor homogeneous
mi objects of accounting. Their generalization of heterogeneous objects (natural indicators) is impossible; their application is limited.
For quantitative characteristics of products that are homogeneous in purpose and have different qualitative composition or quantitative characteristics, conditionally natural ones are used (electricity consumption in kW/h).
2. Labor
They are used to account for the cost of labor used in working days, hours, minutes.
Most often combined with “1”: accounting for labor productivity, production standards, salary calculation (person/hour).
Advantage (in contrast to “1”): in some cases, they allow you to compare some dissimilar quantities with each other (data on the time spent on producing different types of products are comparable). At the same time, “2” cannot be widely used, because are not always generalizable due to the heterogeneity of individual types of work.
3. Cash
They are used to reflect and generalize heterogeneous accounting objects in a single monetary value. It is a generalizing measurement: we can measure material values by multiplying their quantity by the price.
With their help, various generalized economic indicators are obtained. body work (cost, income)
They express settlement and credit relations, are used in planning and forecasting, and provide the ability to control the ruble.
III. Types of XY
Each of them performs its own tasks, providing the necessary i to all levels of management (from the lower levels to the national economy as a whole).
1. operational (operational-technical)
System of ongoing monitoring and control of individual households. phenomena and processes immediately at the moment of their occurrence.
Feature - fast and timely receipt of i, necessary for current operational management.
Data is obtained from primary documents, orally, by telephone, telegraph, etc. (information on production output per shift/day, use of working time).
These indicators are used at all levels and we obtain timely data.
This type of accounting at the enterprise is carried out using Ñ types of meters.
2. Accounting (BU)
Carried out by a special service - accounting.
Peculiarities:
1) Continuous and continuous in time, i.e. continuous observation of economic processes and phenomena is used
2) Documentary, because Ñ the transaction should be reflected in it only on the basis of documents, which gives legally evidentiary force
3) Specific techniques and methods for processing accounting data (system of accounts, double entry in accounts, balance sheet, etc.)
4) Uses all three types of meters, but monetary ones play a particularly important role, because allows you to obtain a generalized i;
5) Organized within individual enterprises, organizations, institutions. In general, housekeeping is not carried out.
Accounting is a system of continuous, continuous, documented and interconnected reflection of financial economics. activities in generalized monetary terms, for the purpose of managing it and ensuring the safety of property.
3. Statistical
Serves to reflect mass social and economic. phenomena in order to generalize, study and clarify their patterns.
Statistics uses data “1” and “2” for its generalizations, and it also organizes independent observations in the form of: censuses, statistics. reporting, continuous and sample observations, etc.
13:24
B If you have ever created a business on your own, from scratch, then you probably took into account different possibilities for the place of registration. This usually happens at the place of registration of the founders of the new company. But imagine that you are from different regions, cities or even countries.... 2 33211:19
B The manager of TaxNet CJSC, Marat Gaifullin, spoke about the dawn of the electronic reporting market and the system of the future that will displace paper from workers’ desks. 14211:00
B Upon completion of the on-site tax audit, a company contacted us and was charged additional VAT and income tax in the amount of about 50 million rubles, as well as penalties and fines. 228 05 September 2019
11:50
On June 13, 2019, the Ministry of Justice registered Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 5, 2019 No. 54n, which amended the current PBU 16/02 “Information on discontinued activities.” Find out how this accounting regulation has been updated and when the innovations will be mandatory for use in our material. 717 04 September 2019
11:11
Since 2019, state (municipal) institutions have been guided by the Procedure for applying the classification of operations of the general government sector, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated November 29, 2017 No. 209n, the rules of application of which often raise questions. Based on the explanations of the Ministry of Finance, we will try to answer some of them and provide correspondence accounts. 1 322 August 21, 2019
10:50
Accounting is a rather conservative area in terms of regulatory regulation of the financial activities of organizations. But changes are also made to it from time to time, including to the basic accounting law - Federal Law No. 402-FZ dated December 6, 2011. Thus, a considerable number of new products are contained in the Federal Law of July 26, 2019 No. 247-FZ. It was published on the portal www.pravo.gov.ru on July 26, 2019 and in its main part came into force on this date. Some of the innovations concern public sector organizations, but there are also those that are of great importance for accountants of commercial organizations. 3 125 July 03, 2019
14:02
Here are the changes made to the Procedure for applying KOSGU, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated November 29, 2017 No. 209n, Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated May 13, 2019 No. 69n, which clarified the procedure for classifying transactions into groups, articles and sub-articles of KOSGU, as well as the features of reflecting individual transactions on articles (subarticles) of KOSGU. 797 May 21, 2019
10:56
Many accountants record information on off-balance sheet accounts rather sparingly or ignore them altogether. Because of this, the reliability of information about the state of the organization, its obligations and property suffers. And it can lead to an unfavorable audit report and administrative punishment. 1 471 March 28, 2019
11:10
One of the most important primary documents for taxpayers engaged in transport transportation is the waybill. Even filling it out incorrectly may result in the corresponding transportation costs not being accepted for tax purposes. 2 341 March 15, 2019
11:10
The greatest discussions, as a rule, are caused by questions of civil law consequences of the absence of primary accounting documents. What are the consequences in the civil law sphere of an organization’s lack of or failure to provide a primary accounting document to a counterparty? 3 690 March 01, 2019
11:15
Commentary to the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 28, 2018 No. 298n. 2 238 February 22, 2019
13:34
In 2019, new rules for the application of KOSGU and a number of federal standards came into force. In this regard, the financial department has prepared further amendments to Instruction No. 157n (Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 28, 2018 No. 298n (hereinafter referred to as Order No. 298n)). As soon as the amendments come into force, it is necessary to update the accounting policies for 2019. In the article we suggest that you familiarize yourself with the main changes in the Unified Chart of Accounts and instructions for its use. 7 863 January 25, 2019
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Is it possible to use an electronic digital signature and a facsimile signature when preparing accounting documents? What is the application procedure? 1 822 January 16, 2019
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The organization is a supplier of products and delivers goods to customers through the services of a transport company. Primary documents accompanying the transfer of goods to the buyer are transferred to him through the driver of the transport company. The second copies of the primary documents, signed by the buyer, are transferred to the organization by mail. There are cases when the specified documents do not reach the addressee by mail. Can the supplier accept scanned copies of documents received from the buyer for accounting? 9 440 December 18, 2018
14:09
An accountant always has plenty of trouble. As in the famous fairy tale - “... go through 7 bags of beans, separate them into white and dark, plant 7 rose bushes, weed the beds, wash the windows, whitewash the kitchen, polish the floors, grind coffee for 7 weeks, tidy up the rooms...”. And everything needs to be done in time for the New Year. 2 77212:44
Next year at least 5 federal standards will come into force. Let's look at what requirements they place on institutions in general and accountants in particular. 12 342 December 13, 2018
12:17
In the process of doing business, situations quite often arise when an organization develops debts to suppliers and customers, i.e. accounts payable appears. If, after three years, the organization has not fulfilled its obligations under the contract, the accounts payable must be considered overdue, for which the statute of limitations has expired (Article 196 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). Overdue accounts payable due to the expiration of the statute of limitations must be included in non-operating income (this norm is enshrined in clause 18 of Article 250 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). Also, in order to write off accounts payable, in addition to the expiration of the statute of limitations, accounts payable must be confirmed by primary documents (this norm is enshrined in Federal Law No. 402 of December 6, 2011 “On Accounting”). 2 236 August 17, 2018
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Currently, the Ministry of Finance is developing a full set of federal accounting standards in the public administration sector. Upon completion of this work, the principles and requirements of accounting will be brought into line with the operating conditions of public sector entities in a market economy. The instrument of reform is international financial reporting standards for the public sector. The article reveals the main fundamental changes that accounting (budget) accounting is subject to in connection with the approval of federal standards. 5 851 07 August 2018
12:54
Is the organization obliged to check the authority of persons who signed primary documents on the part of counterparties (in particular, invoices)? Is it necessary to indicate details of powers of attorney or orders in primary documents? 4 31011:01
On May 31, 2018, a draft federal accounting standard “Documents and document flow in accounting” was published on the Ministry of Finance website. Public discussion of the project will end on September 30, 2018. Let's take a look at the new document. 5 53610:49
From 01/01/2018, transactions with income of state (municipal) institutions should be reflected in accordance with the provisions of updated instructions No. 157n, No. 162n, No. 174n and No. 183n. Let us recall that the change in instructions followed the adoption of a number of federal accounting standards developed for the public sector, as well as the approval of amendments made to Instructions No. 65n. Let's consider the main nuances of accounting for income under the new rules. 28 710 March 15, 2018
13:35
The Judicial Collegium for Economic Disputes of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation came to the conclusion that it is possible to take into account bad debts in expenses not only in the period when the statute of limitations has expired, but also later. However, the value of the position of the RF Armed Forces lies not only in this. Details are in the proposed article. 17 133
1. Concept and components of economic accounting.
2. The concept of accounting, its subject and object.
3. The role of accounting in the enterprise management system and its functions.
4. Objectives of accounting as one of the functions of business management.
5. Accounting principles.
6. Characteristics of financial and management accounting.
7. Concept and relationship between the subject and object of accounting.
8. Classification of household assets.
9. Accounting method: concept and constituent elements.
10. The relationship between the subject and method of accounting.
11. Balance sheet: concept, form and structure.
12. Types of business transactions affecting the balance sheet.
13. Accounting accounts: concept, structure, types and purpose.
14. The essence of the double entry method in accounting accounts.
15. Synthetic and analytical accounting accounts: purpose and relationship. Subaccounts.
16. The relationship between the system of accounts and the balance sheet.
17. Generalization of current accounting data.
18. Primary documents: concept and classification.
19. Composition of document details.
20. Document flow: concept, organization.
21. Accounting processing of documents.
22. Storage of accounting documents.
23. Inventory: concept, tasks and procedure.
24. Accounting registers: concept and classification.
25. The procedure and technique for recording in accounting registers.
26. Ways to correct errors in accounts.
27. Form of accounting: concept, main elements, types.
28. System of regulatory regulation of accounting in the Russian Federation.
29. Characteristics of the Federal Law “On Accounting”.
30. Determine the responsibility of the chief accountant.
31. Accounting for cash in the cash register. The procedure for organizing accounting, primary documents. Synthetic and analytical accounting on the "Cash" account and sub-accounts, accounting of imprest amounts.
32. Accounting for funds in current and other bank accounts (including foreign currency accounts).
33. Principles of accounting and valuation of receivables and payables. Payment forms. Payment terms. Limitation of actions. System of accounts for accounting of settlements with debtors and creditors. Accounting for the provision for doubtful debts.
34. Accounting for settlements with suppliers and contractors. Types of settlements reflected on account 60, the accrual method when reflecting transactions on account 60, the procedure for accounting for advances issued. Accounting for settlements with buyers and customers. The procedure for analytical accounting on account 62. accounting for settlements on advances received.
35. Accounting for settlements with founders and shareholders.
36. Accounting for bank loans and loans and interest for the use of borrowed funds.
37. Accounting for settlements with the budget for taxes and other payments. Types of taxes, sources of payment. Accounting for settlements with extra-budgetary funds.
38. Accounting for settlements with other debtors and creditors. Accounting for claims settlements. Accounting for property and personal insurance payments.
39. Fixed assets, their composition, classification and evaluation (PBU 6/01 “Accounting for fixed assets”).
40. Synthetic and analytical accounting of fixed assets. Formation of the cost of fixed assets depending on the sources of income.
41. Accounting for depreciation of fixed assets Methods of depreciation of fixed assets.
42. Accounting for the costs of restoration of fixed assets.
43. Lease of fixed assets. Lease forms. Accounting for the lease of fixed assets from the lessor and the lessee. Accounting for leasing operations.
44. Accounting for the disposal of fixed assets.
45. Characteristics of intangible assets, their types, classification and valuation (PBU 14/2007 “Intangible assets”).
46. Synthetic and analytical accounting of intangible assets.
47. Accounting for the receipt of intangible assets. Methods for calculating depreciation.
48. Accounting for disposal of intangible assets.
49. Inventories, their composition, principles of assessment (PBU 5/01 “Accounting for inventories”). Materials, their classification and evaluation.
50. Accounting for receipt of materials. Formation of the actual cost of materials arriving at the warehouse. Accounting for the release of materials from warehouses. Methods for estimating material consumption.
51. Finished products, their composition and evaluation in the system of synthetic and analytical accounting. Accounting for finished products in warehouses and accounting departments.
52. Accounting for goods in retail, wholesale and commission trade.
53. Investments in financial investments as a separate type of economic activity. Purposes of financial investments.
54. Accounting for labor and settlements with personnel for wages. Types, forms and systems of remuneration. Types of deductions from the amounts of remuneration of workers. Synthetic and analytical accounting of calculations for wages with the organization's personnel.
55. Accounting for settlements with personnel for other operations.
56. Organizational expenses, their composition and accounting procedure (PBU 10/99). The concept of expenses, costs, expenses and the cost of products (works, services) in the financial accounting system. Production costs, their composition and classification by elements. Material costs, their composition, accounting. Labor costs, their composition, accounting. Accounting for the costs of preparation and development of production. General production expenses, composition and accounting. General expenses, composition and accounting. Accounting for costs of auxiliary production.
57. General rules for recognizing income from the ordinary activities of an organization. Accounting for income (revenue) from the sale of products, works, services. Calculation of the actual cost of products sold.
58. Determination and write-off of financial sales results.
59. Organizational income, concept, their composition. The moment of recognition of income and its reflection in accounting registers (accounting policy options for accounting and taxation purposes).
60. Business transactions for accounting for shipment and sale of products (works, services), their documentation and reflection on accounting accounts.
61. Commercial and administrative expenses: their composition and accounting procedure. Options for the accounting policy of writing them off to the cost of goods sold (work, services) or paying them off with financial results (income).
62. Other income and expenses, their composition, accounting and determination of financial results.
63. Basic principles of transactions in foreign currency. Valuation in accounting of currency values and transactions in foreign currency. Exchange differences and the procedure for their reflection in accounting.
64. Authorized capital (share capital, authorized capital), accounting for its formation and changes in enterprises of various organizational and legal forms of ownership.
65. Accounting for reserve capital.
66. Accounting for additional capital.
67. Accounting for reserves for future expenses and payments.
68. Accounting for retained earnings.
69. Accounting statements, their composition and content. The importance of financial statements in modern business practice, the general requirements for them.
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Questions for the discipline exam
"Accounting and Analysis"
Economic accounting and its types. The role and importance of accounting.
Purpose, objectives and principles of accounting.
Subject and objects of accounting.
Accounting method, characteristics of its elements.
Concept, structure and content of balance. Types of balance sheets.
Types of balance sheet changes. Examples of transactions that do and do not affect the balance sheet currency.
Concept, structure and purpose of accounts. The relationship between accounts and balance.
Double entry of transactions in accounting accounts.
Synthetic and analytical accounting accounts, their relationship.
Classification of accounting accounts.
Chart of accounts, its meaning and principles of construction.
Documents: concept, purpose and classification. Document flow and rules for its preparation.
Inventory: concept, types, procedure for conducting and reporting results.
Assessment, its meaning and types. Valuation of property, capital and liabilities.
Accounting registers, their purpose. The procedure for correcting errors in accounting.
Regulatory regulation of accounting in the Russian Federation.
Accounting policy of the organization.
The procedure for accounting for funds in the organization's cash register. Documentation of cash transactions. Accounting for settlements with accountable persons.
Accounting for transactions on current accounts, currency and other bank accounts.
Accounting for current obligations and settlements: with suppliers and contractors, buyers and customers, other debtors and creditors.
Concept, classification and types of valuations of fixed assets.
Documentation and accounting of receipt of fixed assets into the organization.
Depreciation of fixed assets: methods of its calculation and accounting procedures.
Accounting for repairs of fixed assets.
Documentation and accounting of disposal of fixed assets.
Concept, composition and valuation of intangible assets.
Documentation and accounting of receipt of intangible assets.
Amortization of intangible assets: methods of calculation and accounting procedures.
Documentation and accounting of disposal of intangible assets.
Concept, classification and assessment of inventories.
Accounting for the receipt of material assets. Transport and procurement costs, their composition and distribution procedure.
Accounting for materials in warehouses and accounting departments.
Valuation methods and accounting for disposal of materials.
Accounting for financial investments.
Accounting for the number of personnel and hours worked.
Accounting for wages accrued for hours worked and unworked.
Accounting for deductions from wages.
Accounting for calculations of insurance premiums to non-budgetary state funds.
Organizational expenses and their types. Classification of production costs.
Methods of accounting for production costs.
Accounting for direct costs of production. Accounting and distribution of auxiliary production costs.
Accounting and distribution of general production and general economic costs.
Partial cost method and full cost method: essence and application features, advantages and disadvantages.
Standard method of cost accounting and calculation of product costs: essence and application features, advantages and disadvantages.
Accounting for work in progress and its evaluation.
The concept of finished products and their evaluation in current accounting and financial reporting. Accounting for the release of finished products.
Accounting for sales of products, goods, works and services.
The procedure for determining and accounting for the financial result from the sale of products (works, services).
Accounting for financial results from ordinary activities.
Accounting for other income and expenses of the organization.
Accounting for the distribution of the organization's profit.
Accounting for the authorized, additional and reserve capital of organizations.
The concept of credits and loans. Types and procedure for accounting for borrowed funds.
Accounting (financial) reporting and its significance. Composition of financial statements.
Subject, content and tasks of financial analysis.
Types and role of business activity analysis in enterprise management and increasing its efficiency.
Methods of financial analysis.
Profit as an indicator of the efficiency of economic activity.
Information base for analyzing the financial condition of the organization.
Analysis of the composition, dynamics and condition of fixed assets
Analysis of stock status.
Analysis of balances and cash flow.
Analysis of the use of enterprise production capacity.
Analysis of the use of material resources of the enterprise.
Analysis of the use of enterprise labor resources.
Methodology and analysis of production and sales of products.
Product cost analysis.
Analysis of the financial results of the enterprise.
Analysis of the use of enterprise profits.
A system of indicators characterizing financial condition.
Profitability indicators, calculation methods.
Product profitability and ways to improve it.
Calculation and evaluation of liquidity ratios.
Calculation and assessment of solvency indicators.
Indicators and factors of insolvency of an organization.
Calculation of the financial stability ratio.
Indicators of business activity and ways to improve it.
Comprehensive assessment of the financial and economic activities of the organization.
Household Accounting is a system of orderly observation, measurement, registration and generalization of economic processes, facts and phenomena. This system includes: operational accounting, accounting, tax accounting, statistical accounting.
Operational accounting registers and calculates individual facts of business activities necessary for day-to-day operational management. Natural indicators are most often used. Operational information is recorded in free-form registers and transmitted to interested parties most often orally. For example: daily recording of staff attendance at work, GP output indicators, etc.
Tax accounting is a system for summarizing the information necessary to determine the tax base for various taxes provided for by the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. Confirmation of tax accounting data are primary documents, analytical tax accounting registers and calculation of the tax base.
Statistical accounting studies quantities. side of mass economic processes in order to reveal their qualitative originality, using special methodological techniques for this. These techniques boil down to conducting mass observation of household processes, their subsequent grouping, and calculation of qualitative analytical indicators.
Accounting is the formation of documented, systematized information about accounting objects and the preparation of accounting (financial) reporting on its basis in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.
Role and significance: BU is the most effective communication tool in business and is a complex and dynamically developing phenomenon. The information obtained in the process of accounting allows us to determine the current position and results of the organization's activities over the period, to identify hidden reserves and problem areas.
2. Purpose, objectives and principles of accounting.
The purpose of accounting is to generate information for external and internal users.
The main objectives of the BU are:
– generation of complete and reliable information about the activities of the organization, the results arising from it, about its financial status, necessary for internal users financial statements– managers, founders, participants and owners of the organization’s property for operational management, as well as external investors, creditors, suppliers, buyers, tax and financial authorities, banks and other interested users of financial statements;
– providing information necessary for internal and external users of accounting statements to monitor compliance with the legislation of the Russian Federation when the organization carries out business operations and their feasibility, the presence and movement of property and liabilities, the use of material, labor and financial resources in accordance with approved norms, standards and estimates;
– timely warning and prevention of negative results of the organization’s economic and financial activities, identification and mobilization of internal reserves to ensure the financial stability of the enterprise.
BU principles:
Assumption of property separation. (Accounting and reporting reflects only that property that is legally recognized as the property of a particular organization. All other assets and liabilities must be taken into account off the balance sheet)
Going concern assumption. (The organization will continue to operate for the foreseeable future and has no intention or need to liquidate or significantly reduce its scope of activities)
Assumption of consistency in the application of accounting policies. (The accounting policies adopted by the organization are applied consistently from one reporting period to another)
Assumption of temporary certainty of the facts of economic activity (Income and expenses of the organization are attributed to the reporting period in which they took place, regardless of the time of receipt or payment of funds)
Completeness requirement. (It is necessary to fully reflect the consequences of significant facts of economic activity)
Materiality requirement. (Material information is considered to be information without knowledge of which a reliable assessment of the financial situation and financial results of the organization’s activities is impossible. This is information related to income / expenses, related to the quantitative side or related to a trade secret.)
Requirement of neutrality. (Neutrality excludes unilateral satisfaction of the interests of some groups of users with reporting information to the detriment of other users.)
The requirement for consistency in the provision of information over time. (It is necessary to adhere to accepted accounting methods consistently from one reporting period to another.)
Timeliness requirement. (Timely reflection of all facts of economic activity is necessary and the generation of information about any operations cannot be delayed or accelerated.)
Requirement of discretion. (There should be a greater readiness to reflect potential losses (expenses) and liabilities than potential income and assets. Information about losses and liabilities is formed when opportunities for their formation arise, and income and assets - when such an opportunity is realized.)
Requirement of priority of content over form. (The formation of accounting and reporting information is carried out not so much on the basis of the legal form of the facts of economic activity, but on their economic content.)
Consistency requirement. (The identity of synthetic and analytical accounts must be respected.)
The requirement of rationality. (It is necessary to generate accounting and provide reporting information based on the conditions of economic activity and the size of the organization.)
3. Subject and objects of accounting.
The subject of accounting is the state and movement of assets, the sources of their formation and the results of the activities of an economic entity.
BU objects:
Facts of household life
Liabilities
Sources of financing for its activities
Other objects if established by federal standards
4.Accounting method, characteristics of its elements
Various techniques and methods are used to maintain records. The combination of these techniques and methods is an accounting method.
Each individual technique or method is an element of an accounting method. These include:
balance sheet
accounts and double entry
documentation
inventory
calculation
reporting.
The balance sheet is a way of summarizing and grouping the economic assets of an enterprise (by type, location and sources of education) in a monetary measure at a certain point in time. It contains information about the financial position of the enterprise.
An accounting account is a method of current reflection and grouping according to similar homogeneous characteristics of the movement and change of household assets, their sources and household processes.
The double entry system in accounts is based on the principle of duality and consists in the fact that each business transaction must be recorded at least twice: as a debit to one account and as a credit to another account in the same amount.
Documentation is a method of primary reflection of accounting objects by documenting them. For each business transaction or group of transactions, a document is drawn up, which is a material carrier of primary accounting information and subsequently serves as the basis for registering business transactions on accounts.
Inventory is a check at a certain point in time of the actual availability of property and liabilities of the enterprise and their compliance with the accounting data.
Valuation is a way of expressing the property of an enterprise in monetary terms by summing up the actual expenses incurred for its acquisition and creation.
The property of the enterprise is assessed and reflected in accounting and reporting in the currency of the Russian Federation - in rubles.
The enterprise's fixed assets are reflected in accounting at their full original or restored cost, and in reporting - at their residual value; raw materials, materials - at actual cost; finished products - at actual or standard (planned) cost; goods at trade, supply and distribution enterprises are reflected at retail (sales) or purchase prices.
Costing is a method of grouping costs and determining the cost of acquired material assets, manufactured products, completed work, and services provided.
Accounting statements are a set of accounting indicators for a certain period. It reflects on an accrual basis the property and financial position of the enterprise, the results of economic activities for the reporting period (quarter, year). It includes a balance sheet, a statement of financial results and their use, and is also supplemented by other reporting data with explanations in accordance with the requirements of accounting standards.
5. Concept, structure and content of balance. Types of balance sheets
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Accounting balance is a way of grouping the assets and liabilities of an organization in monetary terms. The balance sheet characterizes the property and financial condition of the organization in monetary terms as of the reporting date.
In the balance sheet, assets and liabilities should be presented with a division depending on their maturity (maturity) into short-term and long-term.
The balance sheet asset is built on the principle of increasing liquidity.
The balance sheet liability is structured according to the degree of urgency. From less urgent to more urgent.
The balance sheet asset consists of 2 sections: non-current assets (intangible assets, fixed assets, financial investments (long-term), etc.) and current assets (inventories, VAT on acquired assets, debtor debt, DS, etc.).
The balance sheet liability consists of 3 sections: capital and reserves (equity), long-term liabilities and short-term liabilities.
TYPES of accounting balance:
By form:
-horizontal
-vertical
IN THE RF THE HORIZONTAL FORM IS ADOPTED: A=K + OBLIGATIONS;
VERTICAL: A – Liabilities = K
By time of compilation:
-Introductory: constituted at the time of establishment of the enterprise.
Current: compiled periodically, throughout the entire existence of the enterprise
Liquidation: made up during the liquidation of an enterprise throughout the entire period (at the beginning of liquidation and at the end).
Dividing: constituted at the time of division of a large enterprise into several smaller structural units.
Consolidating: formed when several enterprises are merged into one or one or more structural units are joined to a given enterprise.
Sanitated: constituted by independent auditors when the company is on the verge of bankruptcy and it is necessary to determine whether to declare bankruptcy or perhaps convince creditors of the advisability of deferring payments.
4. Source of compilation:
- Inventory: compiled on the basis of an inventory of property, funds in accounts, obligations based on the results recorded in the inventory records.
Book: built on the basis of current accounting data without preliminary verification.
General: compiled on the basis of accounting and inventory data, therefore considered the most important.
5. By volume of information:
Single (single): compiled on the basis of current accounting data and reflects the activities of only one enterprise.
Consolidated: - consolidated are developed by ministries and statements, calculating data for the industry as a whole by simply summing up indicators of the same name and excluding balances on mutual transactions.
-consolidated balance sheets are compiled by a group (holding, concern) represented by parent and subsidiary companies. This balance sheet generates information about a single enterprise as if there were one company.
6. By the nature of the activity:
-Main: balance sheet compiled for the main activity corresponding to the profile of the enterprise and registered in its charter.
Not the main one: a balance sheet compiled for all other activities other than the main one.
7. By orientation time:
-Provisional: includes indicative data for the last days of the reporting period
-Prospective: calculated for the next reporting period, including expected data.
-Directive: includes those that are predetermined and subject to implementation
8. By reflection object:
-Independent: only business entities endowed with the rights of a legal entity have.
-Separate: constitute divisions of the enterprise (Branches, representative offices).
9. According to the cleaning method:
Balance sheet – gross: formed with the inclusion of regulatory items (for example: depreciation)
Net balance: This is the balance from which regulatory items are excluded, which is called “cleaning”. Used in Russian accounting practice since 1996.
Questions for the exam in the discipline “Accounting and Analysis”
Economic accounting and its types. The role and importance of accounting.
Purpose, objectives and principles of accounting.
Subject and objects of accounting.
Accounting method, characteristics of its elements.
Concept, structure and content of balance. Types of balance sheets.
Types of balance sheet changes. Examples of transactions that do and do not affect the balance sheet currency.
Concept, structure and purpose of accounts. The relationship between accounts and balance.
Double entry of transactions in accounting accounts.
Synthetic and analytical accounting accounts, their relationship.
Classification of accounting accounts.
Chart of accounts, its meaning and principles of construction.
Documents: concept, purpose and classification. Document flow and rules for its preparation.
Inventory: concept, types, procedure for conducting and reporting results.
Assessment, its meaning and types. Valuation of property, capital and liabilities.
Accounting registers, their purpose. The procedure for correcting errors in accounting.
Regulatory regulation of accounting in the Russian Federation.
Accounting policy of the organization.
The procedure for accounting for funds in the organization's cash register. Documentation of cash transactions. Accounting for settlements with accountable persons.
Accounting for transactions on current accounts, currency and other bank accounts.
Accounting for current obligations and settlements: with suppliers and contractors, buyers and customers, other debtors and creditors.
Concept, classification and types of valuations of fixed assets.
Documentation and accounting of receipt of fixed assets into the organization.
Depreciation of fixed assets: methods of its calculation and accounting procedures.
Accounting for repairs of fixed assets.
Documentation and accounting of disposal of fixed assets.
Concept, composition and valuation of intangible assets.
Documentation and accounting of receipt of intangible assets.
Amortization of intangible assets: methods of calculation and accounting procedures.
Documentation and accounting of disposal of intangible assets.
Concept, classification and assessment of inventories.
Accounting for the receipt of material assets. Transport and procurement costs, their composition and distribution procedure.
Accounting for materials in warehouses and accounting departments.
Valuation methods and accounting for disposal of materials.
Accounting for financial investments.
Accounting for the number of personnel and hours worked.
Accounting for wages accrued for hours worked and unworked.
Accounting for deductions from wages.
Accounting for calculations of insurance premiums to non-budgetary state funds.
Organizational expenses and their types. Classification of production costs.
Methods of accounting for production costs.
Accounting for direct costs of production. Accounting and distribution of auxiliary production costs.
Accounting and distribution of general production and general economic costs.
Partial cost method and full cost method: essence and application features, advantages and disadvantages.
Standard method of cost accounting and calculation of product costs: essence and application features, advantages and disadvantages.
Accounting for work in progress and its evaluation.
The concept of finished products and their evaluation in current accounting and financial reporting. Accounting for the release of finished products.
Accounting for sales of products, goods, works and services.
The procedure for determining and accounting for the financial result from the sale of products (works, services).
Accounting for financial results from ordinary activities.
Accounting for other income and expenses of the organization.
Accounting for the distribution of the organization's profit.
Accounting for the authorized, additional and reserve capital of organizations.
The concept of credits and loans. Types and procedure for accounting for borrowed funds.
Accounting (financial) reporting and its significance. Composition of financial statements.
Types and role of business activity analysis in enterprise management and increasing its efficiency.
Methods of financial analysis.
Profit as an indicator of the efficiency of economic activity.
Information base for analyzing the financial condition of the organization.
Analysis of the composition, dynamics and condition of fixed assets
Analysis of stock status.
Analysis of balances and cash flow.
Analysis of the use of enterprise production capacity.
Analysis of the use of material resources of the enterprise.
Analysis of the use of enterprise labor resources.
Methodology and analysis of production and sales of products.
Product cost analysis.
Analysis of the financial results of the enterprise.
Analysis of the use of enterprise profits.
A system of indicators characterizing financial condition.
Profitability indicators, calculation methods.
Product profitability and ways to improve it.
Calculation and evaluation of liquidity ratios.
Calculation and assessment of solvency indicators.
Indicators and factors of insolvency of an organization.
Calculation of the financial stability ratio.
Indicators of business activity and ways to improve it.
Comprehensive assessment of the financial and economic activities of the organization.
