Accounting for inventory items for 41 accounts. Accounting for finished products and goods according to the new chart of accounts. What are goods
Goods are property owned by an organization and put up for sale. In this case, the type and cost do not matter. The product can be either real estate or small items. Account 41 in accounting is used to reflect information about the availability of goods and their sales.
general characteristics
“Goods” is an inventory account for the material assets of an enterprise. Novice auditors ask themselves: “Account 41 in accounting is an asset or a liability of the organization?” The answer is not as complicated as it might seem. It is important to understand that the account itself is not an asset or a liability. But the goods accounted for in account 41 can easily be identified as funds or sources of the organization. An asset is a company's property right, in other words, everything that belongs to it. Goods are tangible property and, therefore, are accounted for as assets.
Based on the answer received, how can you characterize account 41 in accounting? Active or passive? Or maybe active-passive? There should be no doubt, account 41 in accounting is active. Receipt of goods is shown in debit, and their write-off and sale in credit. At the end of the reporting period, only a debit closing balance is formed.
Accounting on account 41
The "Goods" account is used by trade, supply, distribution enterprises, as well as those specializing in public catering. In addition to goods, the invoice takes into account containers produced independently or purchased. In industry, invoice is used only when materials or products are purchased for separate sale.
Depending on the company's policy, goods are accounted for at sales, accounting or purchase prices. When using sales prices, the difference between the cost of goods and capes (discounts) is displayed on account 42.
Goods accepted for storage on liability and on commission are accounted for in accounts 002 and 004. Account 41 in accounting has its own subaccounts for grouping goods of similar purposes.
Account 41 in accounting - subaccounts
Analytical accounting accounts facilitate the process of grouping and assessing the results of an organization's financial activities. For the “Goods” account, the accountant uses subaccounts:
- 41.1 – for accounting of goods in warehouses;
- 41.2 – for accounting for goods intended for retail trade;
- 41.3 – for accounting for containers located under goods or empty;
- 41.4 – for accounting for purchased products.
Subaccount 41.1 is used to control the movement of goods inventories in enterprise warehouses. Public catering uses it to account for products located in refrigeration chambers and other food storage facilities.
Subaccount 41.2 is used for accounting for retail trade. Catering chains additionally use it to account for glassware. Subaccount 41.3 helps to count containers under goods and empty ones. Subaccount 41.4 is used to account for the availability of goods and its movement, using an accounting procedure similar to industrial inventories.
Correspondence
Account 41 in accounting is a method of controlling and describing the process of purchasing and selling goods, which leads to correspondence with most main accounts. Account 41 is debited in the posting with the accounts:
- settlement transactions (60, 63, 68, and 71-78);
- capital funds (80, 88);
- stocks (14);
- production accounting (20, 23, 26, 29, 37);
- goods (42);
- accounting of monetary transactions (50).
The "Goods" account corresponds for the loan with the following accounts:
- assets (06);
- stocks (10, 13, 14);
- production and commodity accounting (20, from 43 to 46);
- accounting of monetary transactions (58);
- accounting for settlements (62, 63, from 76 to 79 except 77);
- capital funds (80, 84, 87, 89)
In the process of compiling quotes, do not forget that account 41 in accounting is active.
Reception at cost
The company determines in its accounting documents the procedure for accounting for received goods. Capitalization at actual cost involves the use of supplier prices indicated in accounting documents. In addition, the cost may include payment for the services of transport companies and the process of procuring goods. The organization itself has the right to determine the nature of accounting for these expenses.
When auditors in practice receive goods for the first time, a serious question arises: “Should I open account 41 in accounting with VAT or without VAT?” Violation of the wiring can lead to problems with the transfer of taxes, it’s worth looking into. If the supplying company issues an invoice, then VAT needs to be allocated, only to a separate invoice. Goods must be received at cost minus tax.
Account 41 is debited in accounting with VAT payable with a credit to the account. 60, after which the tax amount is allocated and transferred to the budget.
Enterprise example
You can more clearly trace the sequence of accounting operations by considering a specific case. We have the following initial data: the company acquired borrowed funds in the amount of 480,000 monetary units (hereinafter referred to as monetary units). All money was spent on the purchase of goods (of which tax is 80,000 units). During the use of the loan, the borrower bank accrued interest in the amount of CU 60,000. The company's accounting policies govern the accounting of interest in the operating expenses account. The entire batch of goods was sold for CU720,000 units. (of which tax is 120,000 units).
| Dt | CT | Amount, rub. | Characteristics of the operation |
| 51 | 66 | 480 000 | the loan amount is transferred to the company's bank account |
| 41 | 60 | 400 000 | goods are capitalized (excluding tax) |
| 19 | 60 | 80 000 | VAT has been deducted from the cost of purchased goods |
| 68 | 19 | 80 000 | VAT is transferred to the state budget |
| 91.2 | 66 | 60 000 | The bank charges interest on the loan |
| 90.2 | 41 | 400 000 | the selling price of the item has been written off |
| 62 | 90.1 | 720 000 | |
| 90.3 | 68 | 120 000 | tax charged on goods sold |
| 51 | 62 | 720 000 | payment received from the buyer |
A clear example of the process of posting goods at an enterprise clarifies the situation, and there is no need to choose whether to open account 41 in accounting with or without VAT. Regardless of the value at which the goods are taken into account, VAT on account 41 is not taken into account.
Accounting by sales price
If an organization registers goods at the subsequent sale price, then it becomes necessary to use account 42. Account. "Trade margin" takes into account income from the sale of goods and VAT.
The accountant makes the following quotes with the correspondence of accounts 41 and 42:
- Dt 41 Kt 42 – reflects the markup on the goods received.
- Dt 90.2 Kt 42 - the amount of the markup was deducted when making a sale.
- Dt 41 Kt 42 – write-off of the discounted value of goods due to the previously made markup.
- Dt 91.2 Kt 41 – the difference between the markup and the discounted value is written off (in cases where the markdown exceeds the amount of the markup).
- Dt 44 Kt 41, Dt 44 Kt 42 – goods and their trade margins are written off for the needs of the enterprise.
- Dt 94 Kt 41, Dt 94 Kt 42 – the amount of shortage/damage to the goods and its trade margin are written off.
An example of accounting for sales price at an enterprise
Let’s assume that a fictitious company has carried out the following business transactions: goods worth 12,000 rubles have been purchased (including VAT of 2,000 rubles). The established markup rate is 30%. The accountant makes the following calculations:
- (12,000 – 2000) × 30% = 3000 rub. – the amount of markup on the product has been identified.
- (10,000 + 3000) × 18% = 2340 rub. – VAT is calculated for the sale price at a rate of 18%.
- 3000 + 2340 = 5340 rub. – the total amount of the markup on the product is calculated, including VAT.
The process is described by the following accounting entries:
| Dt | CT | Amount, rub. | Characteristics of the operation |
| 41 | 60 | 10 000 | the goods are registered and accepted into the warehouse excluding VAT |
| 19 | 60 | 2 000 | VAT is deducted from the amount of purchased goods |
| 68 | 19 | 2 000 | VAT deduction completed |
| 60 | 51 | 12 000 | the debt to the supplier was repaid from the bank account |
| 41 | 42 | 5 340 | recognized markup on goods |
| 90.2 | 41 | 15 340 | the amount of goods for sale is written off |
| 90.2 | 42 | 5 340 | the markup amount is deducted from the cost of the goods |
| 62 | 90.1 | 15 340 | revenue from the sale of goods is recognized |
| 90.3 | 68 | 2 340 | VAT calculation on goods sold |
| 51 | 62 | 15 340 | the buyer repaid the receivables for the goods |
Expenses for transport and other services incurred during the delivery of goods from the supplier are credited to account 44 (Dt 44 Kt 60). If at the end of the reporting period the goods paid for by the company have still not been delivered, the accountant posts Dt 41 Kt 60, while posting to the warehouse is not carried out. When the goods are at the disposal of the company, the amount of VAT is deducted and the cost of the goods is included in the debit of the account. 60.
Features of shipment of goods to customers
In cases where the contract for the supply of goods between the buyer and the manufacturer stipulates the transfer of the right to own the goods and financial responsibility for them, account 45 is used in accounting. At the moment when the goods are actually shipped to the buyer, the posting is made: Dt 45 Kt 41. After In carrying out this quotation, it is assumed that the buyer bears the rights and responsibility for the goods.
Goods accounting in 1C
Trade and industrial enterprises use commercial accounting programs to simplify the work of auditors. This reduces time and allows you to clearly assess the company's assets and liabilities. Account 41 in 1C accounting corresponds to the same accounts as in the classic version.
To post goods, you must select the “Purchases” item in the main menu, the “Receipts (acts, invoices)” sub-item. A product filling form will open. Let's look at an example of making retail trade transactions through 1C. You must perform the following steps in the program:
- Indicate the date of receipt or the date in the supplier document.
- Select: counterparty – supplier, contract – main, warehouse – retail.
- Fill out the tabular part without nomenclature.
- Indicate the amount of the goods excluding VAT and post the document.
Reflection of revenue and accounting for markups in 1C
After completing all the previous steps, the “Products” account and its quotes will open. To reflect revenue from retail trade, you need to open the “Bank and cash desk” item, the “Cash documents” sub-item in the main menu of the program and create a new receipt order as follows:
- Indicate the type of transaction: “retail revenue”.
- Fill in the fields: date, payment amount (select “excluding VAT”).
- Post the document.
After viewing the transactions made on the account, you need to go to the “Operations” item, sub-item “Month closure”. In the menu that opens, select the closing month and the item “Calculation of trade margins on goods sold.” Account entries will show that the markup has been written off. Returning to the “Month Closing” menu, select “Write off trade margins on goods sold”, after which the trade margin report on goods sold for the selected month will open.
An example of total accounting of goods was considered using the 1C: Accounting 8.3 (rev. 3.0) program.
Consolidation of knowledge
Having carefully studied all the information presented and summed up, we can outline the key points about the characteristics and accounting of accounts. 41:
- goods are among the assets of the enterprise;
- account 41 - active, inventory;
- upon receipt of goods, the account is debited excluding VAT;
- the sale of goods results in the debiting of amounts from account 41;
- The trade margin is reflected by posting Dt 41 Kt 42.
Regardless of how accounting is kept at the enterprise (in 1C or in writing), knowledge of the properties of account 41 will simplify the work of a novice accountant.
The 41 accounting account is an active accounting account that shows the movement and transactions of goods in an institution. Let's look in more detail at how to use account 41 in accounting, what are its subaccounts and typical transactions.
What is it needed for
Let's look at 41 accounting accounts (for dummies), because the topic of accounting for goods occupies a key place in the financial and economic activities of the organization. Here goods are meant as a set of inventory items acquired by an enterprise for the purpose of further sale (clause 2 of PBU 5/01). Inventory and materials can also be transferred to the organization by other legal entities.
Account 41 in accounting - “Goods”, is used by organizations on the basis of the chart of accounts approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance No. 94n dated October 31, 2000. Account 41 reflects only those inventory items that directly belong to the institution as property rights. All inventory items that are in storage or on commission and do not belong to the enterprise (accounts 002, 004).
What applies to goods
A product is understood as the result of the financial and economic activities of an enterprise, which is subject to sale, operation or exchange. At the same time, goods in the general sense include not only manufactured material products, but also objects of civil rights, intangible property, work performed by the company or services provided.
In other words, goods are property assets of an organization that are produced directly for sale. This definition is specified in the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. The economic definition of a product is the result of labor, including works and services. All produced goods must have a certain consumer value and are intended for sale in order to exchange for other products or money.
Products include:
- material (material) products that have different physical characteristics and properties;
- services or intangible property (provision of services, results of mental work).
Tangible goods are the most common group. They are also called inventory assets, which are used directly for the purpose of further sale. At the same time, the materials themselves, which are purchased for the manufacture of goods, performance of work, provision of services, general production and general economic needs, are also inventory items.
Accounting for such property is carried out at actual cost. The cost is formed from the costs of purchasing inventory items (money paid personally or transferred to the seller’s account), transportation costs, commission payments and other expenses.
Count 41 - active or passive?
Account 41 is active, used by the accountant to reflect the cost and quantitative characteristics of products. The acquisition and receipt of goods and materials is recorded as a debit, the decrease (disposal) of inventory is reflected as credit 41. Goods are current assets of the enterprise, therefore, data on 41 accounts are indicated in the asset form No. 1 - balance sheet (Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation No. 67n dated July 22, 2003 G.). The balance for 41 accounts is formed only by debit. If the generated report reveals a negative balance, it means that the accountant made a mistake in accounting for goods, and the information needs to be double-checked.
To check accounting data and transactions performed, an accountant can create a balance sheet. It presents information on movements and balances at the beginning and end of the reporting period for account 41 and its sub-accounts. The document can be generated based on various analytical accounting data - organizational units, types and batches of goods (works/services), as well as storage locations of products. A specialist can check the balance at the end of the period using the following formula - the balance at the beginning of the period DT 41 minus CT 41.
The generated account card 41 also helps with accounting, which reflects data on transactions and postings, balances and turnover for the specified period.
Subaccounts
Account 41 “Goods” is subject to detailed financial analysis; a number of sub-accounts are opened for it, detailing accounting:
- Account 41.01 - “Goods in warehouses.” The subaccount is used to register cost data on inventories at wholesale and distribution bases, warehouses, storerooms, refrigerators of public catering organizations, etc.
- 41.02 — “Products in retail trade.” Reflection of the cost of inventory items that need to be sold in retail outlets, buffets of catering organizations, etc.
- 41.03 - “Containers under the goods and empty.” The subaccount takes into account packaging and other containers used by the buyer during the sales process (except for glass containers).
- 41.04 — “Purchased products.” It is used if you need to buy inventory materials of industrial and manufacturing enterprises using account 41.
An institution can open other sub-accounts depending on the scope of its activities, information and analytical needs, as well as the level of accounting organization.
Analytical accounting for this account is carried out in the context of the names of commodity values, persons responsible for storage, and storage locations directly (Order No. 94n).
Methods of accounting for goods
Accounting for goods on 41 accounts can be carried out in the following ways:
- At purchase price (at acquisition price) - in this case, the cost of purchased products reflects not only their prices minus VAT, but also acquisition costs. For example, among other things, this cost includes procurement and delivery costs. The entire list of such costs is given in clause 6 of PBU 5/98.
- At sales price (at selling price) - with this method, products are accounted for at cost, taking into account the trade margin. This method is only possible for companies engaged in retail trade
- At the discount price - all products are accepted at the established discount prices. To reflect the difference between the purchase and accounting price in rubles. or other currency, account 15 is used - “Procurement and acquisition of material assets.” The difference is written off through account 16 - “Deviation in the cost of material assets.”
Let's consider an example for method 1 - imagine postings for the receipt of products at the purchase price.
Example 2 - for accounting at sales price.
| Postings | the name of the operation |
|---|---|
| DT 41 KT 60 | Receipt of products at the seller's price excluding VAT |
| DT 19 KT 60 | VAT presented by the seller |
| DT 41 KT 60 | Transport and procurement costs excluding VAT |
| DT 19 KT 60 | VAT on transport and procurement costs |
| DT 68.02 CT 19 | VAT deduction |
| DT 44 KT 60 | The cost of transportation and procurement costs as part of sales costs |
| DT 60 CT 51 | Transfer of funds to the seller separately for products and transportation costs |
| DT 41 KT 42 | Reflection of trade margins |
Example 3 - for receipts at discount prices.
Typical accounting transactions
We present the main accounting records for operations with inventory items in the table:
In inventory accounting, account 41k is also used - adjustment of goods from the previous period. It is used to correct detected errors if the reporting period has already closed.
Personal account 41 in the Treasury
Account 41 in accounting is responsible for the presence and movement of inventory items, but it should not be confused with a special treasury register. There is a special 41 personal account in the Treasury, why it is opened, we will explain further on our website.
Personal account 41 is registered with the Federal Treasury in the case when legal entities - non-participants in the budget process - need to make mutual settlements with state and municipal customers as executors under concluded contracts. However, not every contract that is concluded with such a contractor in accordance with the legislation in the field of public procurement requires the opening of a special personal account.
For example, the need to register special accounts with the Federal Treasury applies to suppliers fulfilling obligations under or under specialized government programs and areas. The condition of special account 41 is necessarily stated in the contractual provisions.
Ask questions and we will supplement the article with answers and explanations!
Accounting account 41 “Goods” is used to account for goods and materials that are purchased for further sale. Account 41 is used in their activities by retail enterprises, cafes, restaurants and other organizations working in the catering sector.
The use of account 41 is also permissible in production and industrial activities. The main thing is that products, materials or products are purchased for sale, or the price of products purchased for assembly is not taken into account directly in the cost of production, but is subject to reimbursement in a separate manner.
Trading enterprises take into account the “Goods” account and containers (purchased and those made by themselves).
The exception is industrial packaging, which is used for household or production needs. In this case, it is accounted for in one of two accounts - “Fixed Assets” (01) or “Materials” (10).
If the goods arrive at the warehouse for safekeeping, you need to use account 002, and if for commission, then account 004. These two accounts are off-balance sheet.
Subaccounts of the “Goods” account
Account 41 “Goods” can have 4 subaccounts:
- “Goods in warehouses” (41-1);
- “Products in Retail Trade” (41-2);
- “The container is under the goods and empty” (41-3);
- “Purchased items” (41-4).
The first subaccount takes into account goods located in various warehouses, bases, refrigerators, vegetable stores, etc. Subaccount 41-2 is intended to account for goods available at retail trade enterprises (these are kiosks, stalls, tents, shops) and in buffets of public organizations nutrition. Subaccount 41-3 takes into account empty containers and containers under goods. The exception is glassware.
Subaccount 41-4 is used by enterprises engaged in production and industrial activities.
How goods are accounted for in an enterprise
The cost of goods and packaging that arrived at the warehouse is displayed in the debit of the “Goods” account and, accordingly, in the K-to account “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” (No. 60). If accounting is maintained by a trade organization, then it is also necessary to make an entry in the credit of the “Trade margin” account (No. 42). In this account, the accountant must show the excess of the selling price over the purchase price.
Transport and other costs associated with the supply of products are written off from K-ta account 60 in D-t “Sales expenses” (account No. 44).
The moment when you accepted the goods and containers can also be documented using invoice No. 15. It is called “Procurement and acquisition of material assets.”
In order to recognize revenue from the sale of goods in accounting, you need to write off their cost from account 41 and debit the “Sales” account (No. 90). If revenue cannot yet be recognized, then the goods must be temporarily recorded in account No. 45, called “Goods shipped.” The moment of actual release of goods is recorded by an entry in the book of account 41 and in the debit of the above-mentioned account at number 45.
If the goods are transferred to another organization for processing, they do not need to be written off from the “commodity account”. Accounting for these types of goods is carried out separately.
Analytical accounting for the account discussed in our article affects the responsible persons, names and storage locations of products.
Account 41 “Goods” is intended to summarize information about the availability and movement of inventory items purchased as goods for sale. This account is used mainly by organizations engaged in trading activities, as well as organizations providing public catering services.
In organizations engaged in industrial and other production activities, account 41 “Goods” is used in cases where any products, materials, products are purchased specifically for sale or when the cost of finished products purchased for assembly is not included in the cost of products sold, but Reimbursable by buyers separately.
Organizations carrying out trading activities also take into account purchased containers and containers of their own production on account 41 “Goods” (except for inventory used for production or economic needs and accounted for on account 01 “Fixed assets” or 10 “Materials”).
Goods accepted for safekeeping are accounted for in an off-balance sheet account (002 Inventory assets accepted for safekeeping). Goods accepted for commission are accounted for in off-balance sheet account 004 “Goods accepted for commission.”
Sub-accounts can be opened for account 41 “Goods”:
- 41.1 “Goods in warehouses”— the availability and movement of inventory located at wholesale and distribution bases, warehouses, storerooms of organizations providing catering services, vegetable storehouses, refrigerators, etc. are taken into account.
- 41.2 “Goods in retail trade”— the availability and movement of goods located in organizations engaged in retail trade (in shops, tents, stalls, kiosks, etc.) and in buffets of organizations engaged in public catering is taken into account.
The same sub-account takes into account the presence and movement of glassware (bottles, cans, etc.) in organizations engaged in retail trade and in buffets of organizations providing catering services.
- 41.3 “Containers under the goods and empty”— the presence and movement of containers under goods and empty containers are taken into account (except for glassware in organizations engaged in retail trade and in buffets of organizations providing catering services).
- 41.4 “Purchased items”— organizations carrying out industrial and other production activities using account 41 “Goods” take into account the availability and movement of goods (in relation to the procedure provided for accounting for inventories).
- and etc.
The posting of goods and containers arriving at the warehouse is reflected in the debit of account 41 “Goods” in correspondence with account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” at the cost of their acquisition. When an organization engaged in retail trade records goods at sales prices, simultaneously with this entry, an entry is made to the debit of account 41 “Goods” and the credit of account 42 “Trade margin” for the difference between the acquisition cost and the cost at sales prices (discounts, markups). Transport (for delivery) and other costs for the procurement and delivery of goods are charged from the credit of account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” to the debit of account 44 “Sales expenses”.
The receipt of goods and containers can be reflected using account 15 “Procurement and acquisition of material assets” or without using it in a manner similar to the procedure for accounting for corresponding transactions with materials.
When recognizing revenue from the sale of goods in accounting, their value is written off from account 41 “Goods” to the debit of account 90 “Sales”.
If revenue from the sale of goods sold (shipped) cannot be recognized in accounting for a certain time, then until the revenue is recognized, these goods are recorded in account 45 “Goods shipped”. When they are actually released (shipped), an entry is made on the credit of account 41 “Goods” in correspondence with account 45 “Goods shipped”.
Goods transferred for processing to other organizations are not written off from account 41 “Goods”, but are accounted for separately.
Analytical accounting under account 41 “Goods”, it is maintained by responsible persons, names (grades, lots, bales), and, if necessary, by storage locations of goods.
Account 41 “Goods” corresponds with the following Plan accounts:
by debit
- 15 “Procurement and acquisition of material assets”
- 41 "Products"
- 42 “Trade margin”
- 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”
- 66 “Settlements for short-term loans and borrowings”
- 67 “Calculations for long-term loans and borrowings”
- 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees”
- 71 “Settlements with accountable persons”
- 73 “Settlements with personnel for other operations”
- 75 “Settlements with founders”
- 80 “Authorized capital”
- 86 “Targeted financing”
- 91 “Other income and expenses”
on loan
- 10 "Materials"
- 20 "Main production"
- 41 "Products"
- 44 “Sales expenses”
- 45 “Goods shipped”
- 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”
- 79 “Intra-economic settlements”
- 80 “Authorized capital”
- 90 "Sales"
- 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables”
- 97 “Deferred expenses”
- 99 "Profits and losses"
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| el-gamberro 19.12.07 — 11:16 |
Tell me, should I enter balances on this account with or without VAT? |
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| Guk 1 — 19.12.07 — 11:17 |
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| myk0lka 2 — 19.12.07 — 11:17 |
In my opinion, without... |
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| If 3 — 19.12.07 — 11:17 |
41 excluding VAT |
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| PresenterP 4 — 19.12.07 — 11:19 |
Retail with VAT, wholesale without. |
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| Nuf-Nuf 5 — 19.12.07 — 11:19 |
Well, you are like a herd. there must be a different opinion about the general. VAT INCLUDED |
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| PresenterP 6 — 19.12.07 — 11:19 |
In general, call a consultant, the beginning of work is the most critical time; you need to be taught how to work and ensure that the initial data is entered correctly. |
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| PresenterP 7 — 19.12.07 — 11:20 |
(5) In general, there is such a law. Even lines in the transaction must include VAT, odd lines without. |
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| el-gamberro 8 — 19.12.07 — 11:27 |
She gave me 1C without VAT. at 41.2 |
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| el-gamberro 9 — 19.12.07 — 11:29 |
Damn... let's not joke. I need to transfer the leftovers from TiS to the buch. And it would be okay if only wholesale, then also retail and another 42 accounts to be credited. |
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| Elniño 10 — 19.12.07 — 11:30 |
Element of the reference document “Nomenclature” with the name “This is VAT”. That's all business. |
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| PresenterP 11 — 19.12.07 — 11:32 |
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| PresenterP 12 — 19.12.07 — 11:33 |
(9) 42 account to credit this please tell me how... |
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| el-gamberro 13 — 19.12.07 — 11:35 |
D 41.2 K 42 For the difference between cost and sales price. Am I wrong? |
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| PresenterP 14 — 19.12.07 — 11:36 |
(13) No, I’m wrong... all balances are entered in correspondence with account 000. |
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| el-gamberro 15 — 19.12.07 — 11:36 |
(10) How is that? |
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| el-gamberro 16 — 19.12.07 — 11:38 |
It’s easier for me to throw everything only at 41.1 and 41.2 |
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| If 17 — 19.12.07 — 11:38 |
Auxiliary account for entering balances |
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| el-gamberro 18 — 19.12.07 — 11:41 |
This is what typical processing produces: <…>D 41.2 838.98 K 00 D 838.98 |
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| el-gamberro 19 — 19.12.07 — 11:42 |
(17) I know about this account. But it turns out to be little. |
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| PresenterP 20 — 19.12.07 — 11:54 |
(19) You can use the 000 account with the same success. Do you actually have an accountant? He/she should be in charge of this. |
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| el-gamberro 21 — 19.12.07 — 12:00 |
(20) Those nearby are too stupid to give any advice. Success means: D 41.2 K 00 - at the retail price |
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| PresenterP 22 — 19.12.07 — 12:03 |
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| el-gamberro 23 — 19.12.07 — 14:06 |
Still, I can’t understand how to do it better. |
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| N.S. 24 — 19.12.07 — 14:09 |
(23) pzdts. |
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| el-gamberro 25 — 19.12.07 — 14:14 |
(24) I understand that. |
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| N.S. 26 — 19.12.07 — 14:17 |
D 41.2 K 42 (for the difference in sales, price and cost) |
Automate routine operations with 1C databases through the batch mode of the configurator.
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Account 41 “Goods” is widely used by organizations to collect information about inventory items stored in warehouses and sold to consumers, previously purchased for further sale.
Account 41 in accounting displays all movements of inventory items intended for sale to counterparties. Goods accounting is most often used in commercial enterprises. The use of account 41 by manufacturing enterprises is permissible in cases where the products were purchased in advance from suppliers for the purpose of resale or additional components of the finished product are not included in its cost.
Account 41 in accounting is the most important component of the control system in commercial enterprises. It contains basic information:
- Purchasing from suppliers, moving between storage warehouses and further shipment of products to customers;
- Containers (purchased from suppliers or manufactured). An exception is containers used for the needs of the company and taken into account in the organization as part of household inventory;
- Purchased products from manufacturing organizations.
Attention! Products accepted for commission or safekeeping are displayed on off-balance sheet accounts.
Account 41 "Products" is active. The debit displays information about the receipt of products from suppliers at purchase prices, the credit displays the transfer to another warehouse or sale to consumers. All additional costs for transporting products are taken into account in account 44 “Sales expenses”.
Attention! For retail trade, additional use of the account is provided. 42 “Trade margin” when reflecting goods at sales prices.
When selling, products are written off from Kt 41 account in Dt 90.02 (cost of sales) at cost, determined depending on the approved accounting policy of the company:
- FIFO method - based on the cost of the first purchases;
- At average cost.
Main subaccounts
To account for the organization’s assets purchased and intended for further sale, additional sub-accounts may be opened:
- 41.01 — Goods in warehouses
- 41.02 — Goods in retail trade (at purchase price)
- 41.03 — Containers under goods and empty
- 41.04 – Purchased items
Keeping separate records of products by subaccounts allows you to clearly delineate the movement of certain types of property for sale.
In addition, the use of subaccounts is advisable when combining different types of activities (for example, simplified tax system and UTII for retail).
Analytical monitoring
Conducting an analytical analysis of the availability and movement of inventory items purchased for the purpose of selling and making a profit is carried out according to product units, storage warehouses, batch accounting of incoming products (to determine the cost of a particular batch and control the write-off of products using the FIFO method).
Normative base
Using the account 41 to display information about the availability and movement of assets acquired for further sale, is carried out in accordance with the current Chart of Accounts, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance dated October 31, 2000 No. 94, PBU 5/01 “Accounting for inventories” and other legally approved documents.
Basic accounting entries for using account 41
- Purchase of goods from the supplier, receipt of products
- Sales of products to consumers
- Return of products by the buyer
- Displaying Cost of Units Sold
- Returning previously purchased products to the supplier
Dt 76.01 Kr 41 - when using a claims account
- Reflection of surpluses identified during inventory
- Write-off of shortages discovered in the company.
Victor Stepanov, 2017-01-11
Questions and answers on the topic
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Reference materials on the topic
Write-off of goods from 41 accounts for the needs of the organization
An organization may need the goods it sells for general business needs. Write-offs can be made by converting goods into materials or bypassing this operation, based on an order.
Example situation:
The organization purchased 87 packs of paper for retail sale for a total amount of 7,905 rubles. (VAT 1206 rub.) For office needs, 5 packs were needed.
| No. p | Document | Contents of operation | Dt | CT | Sum |
Revaluation of goods in accounting
Revaluation of goods can affect both a decrease and an increase in value. Each situation has its own accounting procedure. Revaluation is especially affected by the prices in which goods are recorded: sales or acquisitions.
Accounting for revaluation at acquisition cost
The cost of goods, which is the cost of acquisition, cannot change downwards. Therefore, when marking down during the year, no accounting entry is made. For such cases, provision is made for the creation of a reserve for costs to reduce the cost of inventory items. This is reflected by the wiring:
The amount for this transaction will be equal to the difference between the acquisition price and the new cost.
When goods are written off, the reserve amount will be restored:
This reserve does not reduce income tax, so a permanent tax liability arises. Its value is equal to the amount of the reserve multiplied by the rate of 20% (profit) and is reflected by the entry:
- Debit 99 Credit 68 “Profit”
Example:
Per group of goods in quantity 10 pcs.
worth 23,000 rubles, purchased at the beginning of the fourth quarter due to loss of presentation, a markdown was made to 18,000 rubles. The goods were not sold until the end of the year. The following year, 8 units were sold. Inventory in the amount of 14,400 rubles.
Postings:
| No. p | Document | Contents of operation | Dt | CT | Sum |
Accounting for revaluation at sales value
When revaluing goods at their sales value in accounting, if the new price is greater or the same as the acquisition cost, then an entry is made Debit 42 Credit 41, reflecting the difference between the old and new prices.
When the new price is less than the one for which the product was purchased:
- Debit 42 Credit 41 – reflects the amount of markup on this product
- Debit 91 Credit 41 - reflect the amount of the difference between the acquisition cost and the new price.
- Additional valuation of goods: Debit 41 Credit 42.
Accounting for the gratuitous transfer of goods between legal entities
The transfer of goods free of charge is a donation. The organization does not receive any money or other benefits in exchange for the transferred goods. This operation is accounted for as other expenses in account 91.
Accounting for donated goods
Since the gratuitous transfer is not reflected in tax accounting, but in accounting it is, permanent differences arise. They are reflected in debit 99 of account and credit 68 “Income Tax”.
Also, such a “gift” is subject to VAT if it is not given for charitable purposes. If a deduction was received for previously purchased goods donated, the value added tax will need to be restored. This applies to all categories of donated property: both for charitable purposes and just like that.
The fact of transfer is established by documentary evidence. To do this, the company must develop a form of act or invoice.
Transfer goods worth more than RUB 3,000. other legal entities are prohibited. This does not apply to non-profit organizations and individuals.
Postings for the transfer of goods
During a gratuitous transfer, no income arises; the legal entity takes into account only expenses:
· Debit 91.2 Credit 41 – the cost of transferred goods is written off
In case of additional expenses associated with this operation, they are reflected in the debit of account 91.2 in correspondence with cost account 60, 70, etc.
In tax accounting, simultaneously with posting the write-off of goods, a permanent difference is reflected:
· Debit 99 “PNO” Credit 68 “Income Tax”
If the donation is subject to VAT, then make an entry:
· Debit 91.2 Credit 68 VAT
When restoring value added tax, you need to make the following entry:
· Debit 19.03 Credit 68 VAT
Example:
The organization purchased goods in the amount of 127,845 rubles. (VAT 19,502 rubles). Initially, it was assumed that they would be implemented, but subsequently they were donated as gratuitous assistance to a non-profit company in the amount of 75,000 rubles. (VAT RUB 11,441).
Postings for the gratuitous transfer of goods:
| No. p | Document | Contents of operation | Dt | CT | Sum |
Accounting for goods in transit
If the partners (seller, buyer) are located far from each other (different cities, countries), transportation takes several days. But the seller is obliged to issue documents for the cargo on the day of shipment; it turns out that the buyer accepts them in a different time period.
It often happens that we are talking about different months. The moment of transfer of ownership of the delivered values occurs, as a rule, upon shipment. So it turns out that the seller has already delivered the goods to his buyer, but in fact, in fact, the recipient has not yet met his purchase.
To carry out accounting operations in this case, it is recommended to use account No. 15 – procurement and acquisition of material assets. If it is not goods that are transported, but materials or raw materials, then by the 15th account create sub-accounts:
· materials on the way,
· goods are shipping,
· raw materials are on the way.
According to the instructions of the chart of accounts, account No. 15 can only be used to display materials and goods at accounting prices. But you can step back from this and take into account inventory items on accounts 10, 41 at the actual cost, and use account No. 15 only for goods in transit. The selling company can include transportation costs in the price of the goods - account No. 41, or take these costs into account separately: account No. 44 - sales costs.
Postings to reflect goods in transit
| No. p | Document | Contents of operation | Dt | CT | Sum |
Accounting for the sale of goods in wholesale trade
Payment for goods can usually be made by prepayment or upon shipment of the goods.
By prepayment
Example:
The organization, after receiving an advance payment from the buyer, shipped goods in the amount of 99,500 rubles.
(VAT RUB 15,178).
Postings:
| No. p | Document | Contents of operation | Dt | CT | Sum |
By shipment
Example:
The organization shipped goods worth RUB 32,000 to the buyer. (VAT 4881 rub.). Payment was received after delivery.
Postings:
| No. p | Document | Contents of operation | Dt | CT | Sum |
Accounting for the sale of goods in retail
Example:
For the day, trading revenue in the store amounted to 12,335 rubles.
Accounting is kept at sales prices, the organization is on the UTII taxation system, and the outlet is automated. The money was deposited at the company's cash desk on the same day.
Postings:
| No. p | Document | Contents of operation | Dt | CT | Sum |
Postings for sales or provision of services
When selling services, the same accounts are involved, only instead of 41 accounts there are 20 accounts, which collect all the costs that make up the cost.
Example:
The organization performed services in the amount of 217,325 rubles. The cost of the service was 50,000 rubles.
Postings for the provision of services:
| No. p | Document | Contents of operation | Dt | CT | Sum |
8. Return of goods to the supplier: reasons, postings, examples
Due to certain circumstances, there are situations when you need to return goods to the supplier. Depending on whether the goods being returned have been paid for or not, and whether the goods and materials have been accepted for accounting, accounting entries are made. It is also worth highlighting issues related to the return of high-quality and low-quality goods.
8.1 Cases of returning goods
8.2 Return of goods of inadequate quality
Cases of returning goods
Civil law establishes cases when goods can be returned to the supplier. When returning goods of proper quality: it is issued in the form of a return sale. For this purpose, wiring is done
Any financial and economic transaction in the activities of the company is reflected in the accounting accounts. All accounts are interconnected. The principle of their interaction is described by the double entry method. It itself is a list in which the number corresponds to a name that reflects the essence of the business transaction. It was approved by Order No. 94n as amended on November 8, 2010.
A product is any purchased or produced item of value intended for subsequent sale. If an organization produces a product for internal use, it is not a product. Let's look at the basic entries for goods and services in accounting.
Let's look at the main examples of accounting entries for goods on 41 accounting accounts.
Accounting for goods and materials
Goods and materials are often combined into one accounting group and given a general name - inventory assets, abbreviated as goods and materials.
Inventory materials in finished form intended for further sale are goods. A – these are goods and materials that are purchased for use in the manufacture of the company’s products, or for their own needs, affecting the overall production process.
Inventory and materials are taken into account at the actual cost, which consists of the amounts of funds transferred or paid (in cash) to the supplier and other expenses associated with transportation, commission costs, etc.
How goods are accepted for accounting
Goods are accepted for accounting in the same way as materials, at actual cost. For accounting purposes, account 41 and subaccounts opened to it are used. When carrying out retail trade, you also need. If you keep records at accounting prices to reflect the difference between them and actual prices, then accounts 15 and 16 will be needed.
Products are sold wholesale and retail. In this case, accounting is influenced by the organization’s taxation system, and the methods enshrined in the accounting policy, and automation, or its absence at the point of sale, and the presence of intermediaries. When concluding a supply agreement, it is necessary to clearly state all the conditions that relate to prepayment, full payment and shipment, since the write-off of costs and the moment of sale of goods depend on this.
Wholesale trade can be carried out on the following terms:
- Prepayment and subsequent shipment.
- Shipment and then payment for the goods.
- Payment in foreign currency and then shipment. And vice versa.
- with their transportation to the buyer.
There are also many nuances in retail trade:
- Sale of goods at an automated point of sale (ATP) at sales prices in cash and non-cash.
- Sale of goods at a manual point of sale (NTP) at sales prices in cash and non-cash.
- Sale of goods at purchase prices.
Example of postings for 41 accounts
The Alpha organization carries out wholesale and retail trade. The goods were shipped to Omega after receiving full payment in the amount of RUB 274,520. (VAT RUB 41,876). Three days later the goods were shipped to the buyer.
Cost of goods sold RUB 129,347. In retail, daily revenue amounted to 17,542 rubles. (VAT 2676 rub.). The sale was carried out using ATT. To account for the trade margin, account 42 was used. The amount of the margin was 6,549 rubles.
| Account Dt | Kt account | Wiring description | Transaction amount | A document base |
| 51 | 62.02 | Money has been deposited into the bank account from Omega | 274 520 | Bank statement |
| 76.AB | 68.02 | An advance invoice has been issued | 41 876 | Outgoing invoice |
| 62.01 | 90.01.1 | Revenue from sales of goods is taken into account | 274 520 | Packing list |
| 90.02 | 68.02 | VAT charged on sales | 41 876 | Packing list |
| 90.02.1 | 41.01 | Sold goods written off | 129 347 | Packing list |
| 62.02 | 62.01 | Advance credited | 274 520 | Packing list |
| An invoice for sales has been issued | 274 520 | Invoice | ||
| 68.02 | 76.AB | VAT deduction on advance payment | 41 876 | Book of purchases |
| 50.01 | 90.01.1 | Retail revenue taken into account | 17 542 | |
| 90.03 | 68.02 | VAT charged | 2676 | Certificate-report of the cashier of the operator based on the retail sales report |
| 90.02.1 | 41.11 | Write-off of goods at sales price | 17 452 | Certificate-report of the cashier of the operator based on the retail sales report |
| 90.02.1 | 42 | Accounting for mark-ups on goods | -6549 | Help for calculating the write-off of trade margins on goods sold |
Translation of goods into materials
In production and trading organizations, goods are often transferred to the category of materials. Such a movement is documented with the TORG-13 consignment note.
Alpha purchased 920 meters of cable for sale in the amount of RUB 179,412. (VAT RUB 27,383). To carry out electrical installation work, 120 meters of cable were needed, so this amount of goods was converted into materials.
| Account Dt | Kt account | Wiring description | Transaction amount | A document base |
| 41.01 | 60.01 | Goods have arrived | 152 029 | Packing list |
| 19.03 | 60.01 | VAT included | 27 383 | Packing list |
| 68.02 | 19.03 | VAT is accepted for deduction | 27 383 | Invoice |
| 10.01 | 41.01 | Products translated into materials | 19 830 | Internal movement invoice |
Write-off of goods from 41 accounts for the needs of the organization
An organization may need the goods it sells for general business needs. Write-offs can be made by converting goods into materials or bypassing this operation, based on an order.
Example situation:
The organization purchased 87 packs of paper for retail sale for a total amount of 7,905 rubles. (VAT 1206 rub.) For office needs, 5 packs were needed.
| Account Dt | Kt account | Wiring description | Transaction amount | A document base |
| 41.01 | 60.01 | Goods have arrived | 6699 | Packing list |
| 19.03 | 60.01 | VAT included | 1206 | Packing list |
| 68.02 | 19.03 | VAT is accepted for deduction | 1206 | Invoice |
| 41.11 | 41.01 | The goods were moved from the wholesale warehouse to the retail warehouse | 6699 | |
| 41.11 | 42 | Take into account the trade margin | 2609 | Invoice for internal movement (TORG-13) |
| 26 | 41.11 | Products written off for office needs | 604 | Request-invoice |
| 26 | 42 | Adjusting the cost of goods for office needs | 219 | Accounting information |
