Manual drilling of water wells: how to do it right

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Not all owners of suburban areas are ready to lay out large sums of money to attract craftsmen specializing in the design of hydraulic structures. Is it possible to do the work with your own hands and how to make manual drilling of wells for water using the means of small-scale mechanization, let us consider in more detail.

Own source of water is an excellent opportunity to provide oneself and one’s loved ones with pure life-giving water and to satisfy household needs. By drilling and arranging a well, the problem of water supply can be solved for several decades ahead.

The choice of method of drilling and the scope of work on the arrangement of the well depends on the type of hydraulic structure.

Abyssinian well

If the water on the site is located presumably at a depth of 10-15 meters, then it is more profitable and easier to arrange an Abyssinian well. This type of hydraulic structure uses aquiferlocated above the waterproof clay layer. The water carrier feeds due to the infiltration of precipitation and the waters of nearby water bodies.

A novice craftsman who can only master the basic skills of drilling can even drill a simple well-needle hole.

A relatively shallow narrow well is a column of thick-walled VGP pipes 50–80 cm in diameter. In the lower, very first link of the column, a special filter is arranged by drilling holes from the pipe walls. Pipes perform the function of the barrel; the Abyssinian well does not require additional casing. It is not drilled, but immersed in the ground by means of driving.

The compact size of the hydraulic structure of the Abyssinian type allows it to be placed on virtually any free space  local area. The most common method of punching this type of hydraulic structure is percussive drilling.

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Features of wells in the sand

With the depth of the aquifer up to 30 - 40 meters, common in loose, incoherent sediments, construct a sand well. It is called that because it extracts water from sandy waters.

The fifty-meter depth of the source is not able to guarantee crystal clear water, and therefore the contents of the well should be checked in the laboratory for the presence of chemical compounds

The aquifer of the well on the sand is located only three to four tens of meters from the surface. And to achieve it rarely have to go hard - rock and semi-rock. Therefore, it will not be difficult to manually drill a sand well if one of the methods described below is applied.

Deep artesian well

But planning to drill an artesian well, on their own  not enough. Artesian water  spread over cracks in impermeable rock and semi-rock at a depth of about 40-200 meters.

The task of drilling a well in limestone can be managed only by professionals who possess the necessary knowledge and have special drilling equipment at their disposal.

To determine the depth of the water they should focus on the data of hydraulic structures of this kind, drilled not far from the upcoming site of work.

Because the artesian well  able to provide water to several sites at once, drilling services are conveniently ordered in the clubhouse. This will significantly save on drilling and equipping the source of water supply.

Self Drilling Methods

Manual screw method

Drilling with the use of auger is one of the most common and accessible methods. It is effective in setting up wells whose depth does not exceed 40 m.

The auger is a helical rod equipped with a drill bit and angled steel blades

The essence of the method lies in the fact that the screw, like a corkscrew, is screwed into the ground. As the soil penetrates into the soil, the helical rod destroys the layers, and its metal blades bring the waste earth to the surface.

Augers used for manual drilling of wells are of two types:

• The rods, cutting blades to which are welded at a right angle.
• Constructions, blades to which are welded at an angle of 30-60 °.

The design of the second version is more convenient. Due to the location of the blades at an angle, the crushed soil does not fall inside the well, but is completely removed to the surface.

To facilitate manual labor and speed up the process, you can use small-sized screw installations.

This technique is particularly effective in the case if the work is to be done with complex soils, which include inclusions of rock in the composition

Small-sized augers operate on the same principle as the hand drill, but are driven by an electric motor.

Core drilling is performed using a special tool in the form of a pipe, equipped with a crown. The specifics of drilling and the diameter of the pipe, which does not exceed 160 mm, allows you to work quickly enough. For the day of work, depending on the density of the rock, you can walk up to several tens of meters.

With the help of the mount, located in the upper part of the core pipe, one and a half meter rods are built up as the tool penetrates. The build-up is carried out in stages, forming a technological column from the projectile with the rods.

The crown is made of durable metal. The edges of the crown are sharpened so that its incisors can easily cope with dense rocks. The shape and size of the crowns used is determined by the physico-mechanical characteristics of the rock.

As it rotates, the pipe, equipped with a crown, is buried in the rock and forms an opening for a well of a corresponding diameter.

When dealing with superhard rock formations, a chisel is first used before immersing the pipe. Then, using a crown, a well is drilled, and the slurry is driven to the surface, which is blocked in the shell of the core pipe.

During manual drilling  wells with a core method to strengthen the walls of a structure in a wellbore while drilling a casing string is installed. To facilitate the process of penetration inside the projectile periodically serves clean water or clay solution.

The method involves breaking up the ground by lowering a heavy drilling tool from a two-meter height. For this purpose, a drilling structure is used, the main elements of which are:

• tripod, which is placed above the drilling site;
• unit with a winch and cable;
• driving glass attached to the end of the cable.

The use of the winch allows you to reduce physical loads, and the use of rotating the motor shaft with a gearbox - to automate the process.

A hammer pipe made of metal pipe must have a well-sharpened cutting edge that can even break hard rocks. To break overly dense soils, an additional steel rod is used as a weighting agent for the glass, fixing it just above the drilling structure. Loose rocks are removed by the scab.

Sinking down the drilling site with a force, the tool breaks the rock, and the cutting shell located at the bottom of the drill grabs the sludge and brings it to the surface.

The glass is freed from the soil it has seized through its bottom, knocking the walls of the projectile with a sledgehammer. Purification of the shells is carried out through a technological opening located in its upper part.

The work is performed in the following sequence:

1. In the selected location, they dig a 1x1 meter hole at a depth of 0.5 meters.
2. In the center of the pit at a right angle set garden drill. By turning the tool around its axis, it is buried in the ground. As required, the screw rod is increased by a pipe, fixing it by means of a bolted connection.
3. After the appearance of wet sand, the auger is removed. Instead, a specially assembled casing structure is installed in the hole, which is driven with a sledge hammer.
4. The rock that has collapsed during installation is removed by the sludge. Each time the projectile captures and holds a part of it when it is introduced into the reservoir.
5. As the casing is buried, it is increased by another segment of the same diameter. The segments are screwed together or welded together in order to obtain a single sealed barrel.
6. For deepening, the casing is carefully turned and listened to the sounds being made. Gnash will occur during friction of coarse-grained sand, rustling - fine-grained, silence - during the passage of clayey soil.
7. For drilling loose rocks, such as loose sand, gravel, gravel, used zhelonku. Clay rocks and dense sands pass under a glass.
8. After performing a series of consecutive blows, the glass or the scone is lifted to the surface, extracting soil from it. After this cycle of work is repeated.

As in the previous methods, to facilitate the manual drilling of a well, a clay mixture or water is poured into the hole, and then it is pulled back using a special bucket. At occurrence of noise in the course of drilling the well should be filled in with water. If the water goes slowly, the pipe should be buried by half a meter, if it is fast, only by 20-30 cm.

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Rotary shock method

The main difference of this method is that the drilling rig performs both drums and rotational motion. This approach speeds up the drilling process. This method is especially effective when it comes to arranging a hydraulic structure, if the geological section in the locality is heterogeneous.

The rotary percussion method also involves using a tripod, with which it is much easier to immerse and then remove the drill to the surface.

Shock-rotational and shock-rope drilling methods are effective when setting up wells in loose soils, the particles of which are not interconnected. Both methods are suitable for drilling and extraction of clay soils: sandy loam, loam.

When drilling in loose rocks due to the insufficient connection of soil particles between themselves at the stage of well construction, the probability of shedding its walls is high. Therefore, wells on the sand are necessarily equipped with casing and filters that prevent the ingress of large inclusions into the extracted water.

Step-by-step drilling technology

Among all the methods listed above, the screw is considered to be the simplest. But it should be borne in mind that it is effective only when drilling loose and clayey soils.

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Preparation of the necessary tools

Before you drill a hole manually, you need to prepare the tools:

• drill or small-sized screw installation.
• drilling rig with a winch.
• set of 3-4 bars.
• casing.

If necessary, the arrangement of the well at a depth of over 8 meters to facilitate the immersion of the drill and its subsequent removal from the wellbore equipment is fixed on the tower.

The drilling tower can be constructed from wooden bars or metal pipes by assembling a tripod-shaped structure from them.

The size of the tripod in proportion should correspond to the height of the drill string section. To create the construction of the bars laid in the form of a triangle and fixed by bolting or welding connection. They make holes for the insertion of a metal pipe, which will perform the function of support. The dimensions of the base are determined only by the stability of the structure.

In the upper part of the structure, an additional hole is provided, through which the rod will pass.

To protect the wellbore from destruction and shedding of the walls, install a casing of pipes that have a high bearing capacity for shear and compressive reservoir loads. For work use pipes made of metal, asbestos cement or polymers.

To create a casing, it is convenient to use pipes equipped with a threaded joint on the outer and inner surface

When assembling a structure, segments of such elements can be easily screwed into each other without using additional assembly units.

Making the screw from scrap materials

The material for the manufacture of a spiral rod can make pipe d100mm. For this purpose it is better to use stainless steel pipes, the wall thickness of which is at least 5 mm. The upper part of the structure should have:

• on the upper end there is a screw thread from the outside for connection with a rod;
• at the lower end - a screw auger with at least two turns.

To facilitate the process of twisting the drill, a handle 1.5 meters long is welded to the upper cut of the pipe. The transition element between the handle and collapsible rods will be a tee, equipped with an internal screw thread.

The cutting blades of the drill are made from strips of sheet metal with a thickness of 2-2.5 mm, which are welded to the pipe at an equidistant distance

1.5 meter long rods are made from a pipe of the same diameter:

• the first rod with an external screw thread at the lower end for attaching the drill;
• all subsequent threaded rods at both ends of the same size.

Couplings should have the same thread parameters. As the need to build their designs simply screwed to the auger, after unscrewing the handle.

Some craftsmen use an ice drill as a screw. The tool knife in this case performs the function of the cutting blades of the auger. Bars for building are made separately.

To use the tool as a drill and be able to reach great depths with it, bar rods are made of d25 mm pipes for building

Trying to improve the tool, some craftsmen additionally weld reinforced cutters to the factory edges of the improvised auger.

Drilling operations

At the well site, a hole is dug 150x150 cm in size. It is necessary to ensure stability vertically. installed pipe. So that the walls of the dimple do not crumble, they are reinforced with board pieces or pieces of chipboard.

The drill is sunk into the recess and, holding the tool by the handle, they begin to screw into the soil gradually in the direction of the clockwise movement.

A drill is immersed in the recess and, holding the tool by the handle, they begin to screw into the soil gradually in the direction of clockwise movement. It is more convenient to perform this work together: the first one will scroll the tool handle, and the second one will press on it from above.

After the passage of the first meter begin to form the trunk structures with a diameter of at least 12-15 cm. To do this, lower the casing into the recess. The diameter of the pipe should be slightly larger than the size of the blades of the drill. In the future, clogging of pipes produced in parallel with the deepening of the well.

After the drill is buried 1.5–2 meters, it will be rather difficult to rotate the tool yourself. To facilitate the work will help the use of pipe wrenches and other gripping devices.

After passing every three to four meters, the screw rod should be removed to the surface and its mouth cleared of earth

When the moment comes that the drilling tool will be deepened to its full height when diving, it should be “increased”. For this purpose, a rod is fixed to it by means of a threaded connection or a finger-rod extension. At this stage it is important to ensure the strength of the connection elements. In order to simplify the task of determining the depth covered, it is advisable to mark accumulated bars.

During the passage of the layers continue to form the casing, not forgetting to check the vertical trunk. Even minimal curvature can impede the free fall of casing. Therefore, if during the work the drill begins to beat against the walls of the casing, wooden wedges are hammered to correct the verticality of the trunk between the soil and the casing.

Work continues until the soil delivered to the surface is wet. This will indicate that aquifer  is already close. To overcome the aquifer, it will only be a little deeper.

The casing can be, but it is undesirable to mount after the completion of drilling. After installing the casing in the well completely drilled from the well, it will again be necessary to extract the collapsed soil, but it will be necessary to act by the sludge.

So that the extended casing does not sink into the barrel until the next segment is attached, it is held by a yoke

For temporary fixation of the casing, installed in the drilled trunk, you should use the device in the form of a clamp, equipped with handles. It will not allow the casing to fall into the production before the next segment of the casing will be connected.

But It is worth noting that this method is far from the most rational, since it requires a long clearing of the face from the sludge. When forming the column, do not lower the pipe to the bottom of the well. They should not reach the lowest point of the bottom about half a meter.

For the formation of the casing plastic pipes  injected in series, connecting the elements as they deepen

To facilitate the drilling process with the help of auger, experts recommend washing with water from time to time. The jet pumped into the casing cavity by the pump will flush the blade to the surface.

Well drilling shock rope method:

The subtleties of making a screw do-it-yourself:

Those wishing to know how to properly drill a water well by hand, we brought proven methods. It is necessary to choose the best method of drilling, seriously approach the choice necessary equipment, and when carrying out drilling strictly follow the advice of experienced craftsmen. The result of the effort will be a self-equipped water supply source providing clear water  all households.

The Abyssinian well is one of the most affordable ways to build an autonomous water supply system at a country site. They are well suited for areas where the mirror groundwater  It is located at least 8-9 meters from the surface of the earth. On average, the price of drilling Abyssinian wells is 2400-2600 rubles per square meter. The final cost of the Abyssinian well will depend on many factors.

Drilling (up to 12 meters) with metal pipe  32 mm.

Drilling (up to 12 meters) with a 40 mm metal pipe.

Drilling (up to 12 meters) with a galvanized pipe of 32 mm.

Drilling (up to 12 meters) with a 40 mm galvanized pipe.

Drilling (up to 12 meters) with a 32 mm stainless pipe.

Drilling (up to 12 meters) with a 40 mm stainless pipe.

Prior to the commencement of work, drillers are paid an advance in the amount of 6,000 rubles, which is subtracted from the final cost of the work.

What prices depend on

Before you drill an Abyssinian well, it is necessary to conduct a site survey. As a rule, for this purpose, exploratory penetration is carried out to determine if there is an aquifer at the required depth. Exploration payable separately. If you have previously obtained hydrological data, you can immediately order the drilling.

Price includes:

• Ground penetration.
• Installation of the filter.
• Installation of the main pipeline.
• Check for water.

In today's market, so many companies offer services for drilling wells for water that it is sometimes difficult to find qualified specialists. The complexity of the choice is also in that the driller's mistakes become visible much later, when the work is already completed, the money is given away, and the craftsmen collect the tools and leave.

Which well will not last long?

However, here are a few factors in the work of drillers in the water, which should alert:

• Low cost of services. Everybody wants to save money, but think about how you are offered a price lower than the market price. You save on the quality of materials, the cost of geological exploration, or a filter that clogs in a few weeks after installation. Drillers may offer a small decrease in the price list in the winter, when the number of orders is reduced, but drilling wells for water at prices much lower than the market prices should not inspire, but alert.
• You offer to do without casing to save money. What does this look like? Masters bore a hole in the ground and consider this their mission completed. You are also invited to lower the pump into the hole and enjoy clean water. But you will hardly have to enjoy it for long, and you can hardly see the pump anymore: it is likely to suck in the soil, because the walls of the well are not protected by anything. Do you need such savings?
• You are offered to drill a deep well in the basement of your house. This method of drilling is only suitable for creating shallow wells, which the drillers themselves are sometimes called “ephemeral”. The fact is that such a well cannot be repaired (to get a pump out of it, a space of 3 to 7 m is required), and therefore it works until the first breakdown.

How to find out that the well was poorly drilled?

However, unfortunately, the victims of non-professional drillers face most of the problems some time after receiving the works. So, here are some problems that can happen to a poor quality well, and their possible causes.

• Water does not flow from the well, or its pressure is insufficient

Possible reasons: overburden or short cut. An experienced driller finishes drilling when the drill reaches the impermeable lower formation. The short cut means that the work was completed earlier and did not reach the desired depth. Such a well does not produce an acceptable water head. But dangerous and re-drilling, when drillers pass the aquifer and go into the rock. Such wells are called “dry”: you will not get water from them.

• Reddish water flows from the well.

Possible reasons: the filter is installed incorrectly and dirty water flows into the well. Also, the probable reason may be that you had a well drilled in one pipe, while the technological parameters required drilling in two columns.

• The well gave good water pressure, which decreased significantly over time.

Possible reasons: shallow drilling was performed on the water pipe. In this case, water from the upper aquifersoften contaminated with melt water, etc. In addition, these layers depend on weather conditions. So, a shallow well, drilled in spring, can give excellent pressure, as the soil is saturated with water, and almost dry out in summer, when there is not enough water in the soil.

In any case, faced with problems, it is better not to try to diagnose the "health" of the well yourself, but to turn to specialists. Masters will identify the problem and carry out workover to correct the situation.

What if you find a drilling error?

If the new well does not work, urgently call the specialists who did it, and call them to "work on the bugs." Honest drilling companies that value their reputation will surely do all the work to provide you with clean water. Therefore, it is so important to turn to drilling only for professionals (and it doesn't matter if you need a shallow well, which small-sized equipment or a major source of water can handle) and refuse to save on things vital for any well.