How to determine the aquifer when drilling a well. Map aquifers - types, the need for compilation and use.
Where does the water come from? From what depths does it produce a person to meet the needs.
Water is necessary for human existence, supplying it in sufficient quantity has become one of the main conditions for a comfortable life.
Average. per person in developed countries, 130 to 700 liters of water a day are consumed daily.
The minimum consumption is noted in arid regions with a low level of development, but even there the average daily water consumption per person exceeds 15 liters.
What is underground water
AT settlements, where there is no centralized water supply, in holiday villages, etc., the problem of water to residents must be solved on their own.
For domestic needs, in this case, use groundwater.
To the underground, are the waters in the layers of the earth's crust, at various depths below the surface of the soil.
In the lower layers lie:
- ancient magmatogenic,
- metamorphogenic,
- sedimentogenic ground water.
The origin of these groundwater must:
- volcanic activity ( magmatogenic),
- processes of changes in rocks ( metamorphogenic),
- lowering of the silt layers of the ancient seas and squeezing out of them the remains of water under the weight of the later layers sedimentogenic).
To reach them, deep and super deep drilling (approximate) is required, and, from the point of view of water supply, they do not represent interest.
The source of water for wells and wells serve upper aquifers.
Practical advice!
When drilling a well that extends deeper than the first aquifer, it is reliably isolated from perch penetration by a concentric casing system.
Consider the shallow occurrence of the first aquifer and as a dignity.
Such a source of water (well or well) requires minimal time, effort and money.
Second level
The second aquifer (interplastic waters) lies at a depth of 30-100 m. The layer of soil on this horizon is insulated by water closures from above and below.
This aquifer compacted sediments with accumulation of water in cracks and caverns.
The replenishment of the second water horizon is due to:
- Groundwater infiltration through layers with a weak water permeability;
- Water penetration from the surface land or groundwater through water-permeable layers in separate areas.
As a result, the water is thoroughly cleaned and, in most cases, corresponds to health standards for drinking and cooking.
Comment!
To use interplastic water for drinking is possible only after analysis of the composition!
Depending on the rocks forming the horizon, filtration may be necessary.
In addition, water on its way dissolves the elements contained in the soil layers, as a result of which, the maximum permissible concentrations of metals and other substances can be exceeded!
Sources receiving water from the second horizon, practically, are not subject to seasonal fluctuations.
Their debit is stable throughout the entire life of the well.
Important! With a constant intensive fence and low saturation or power of the aquifer, the well debit may decrease.
Such a regime with the selection of "dry" leads to a reduction in the life of the source!
The waters of the second horizon at great depth can be under static pressure, as a result, the drilled well (how to make) will be pressure head.
Artesian wells
The artesian aquifer is interplastic and has a great depth of occurrence, more than 100 m, and reliable protection against infiltration of water from the surface by several layers of waterproof rocks.
The quality of water in such layers is high, because the. sources of recharge are located at considerable (sometimes, in hundreds of kilometers) distance from the site of occurrence.
Water, overcoming such distances in porous rocks, is cleared of impurities.
At the same time, by dissolving part of the substances contained in the soils, it acquires mineralization, often exceeding the maximum permissible concentration.
Precisely, therefore, many artesian waters belong to the category of medical, the use of which is limited for drinking.
Such aquifers are formed, most often in geological structures of a special, concave, shape - troughs and flexures.
This feature and depth of occurrence cause the static pressure on the horizon, resulting in, artesian wells - pressure.
Important! Artesian waters, like most interplastic ones, are considered a strategic reserve of the state and fall under the RF Law "On Subsoil".
For drilling artesian wells (look) and operation of sources, the corresponding permits and licenses are required.
The debit of artesian wells does not depend from seasonal and annual variations in humidity and precipitation.
The life of such a source is at least 50 years.
The capacity is sufficient for supplying more than one private house.
Source characteristics
When choosing an aquifer for the device of the well, in addition to its type, it is necessary to take into account the main characteristics:
- Power - thickness of the aquifer;
- Depth of occurrence of the sole;
- Nature of rocks;
- The coefficient of filtration and saturation, which determine the real debit of the well.
You can find them in geological exploration organizations of the area, and clarify them while drilling.
Before using the extracted water, be sure to do a fluid test in the medical-bacteriological laboratory. This will save you from many troubles.
As for the plants to determine the place where the aquifer is located closest to the surface, you will learn by watching the video.
For home and cottage is very important to have water. Some lucky people can connect to centralized water supply, but most have to look for their own source. About how to find water on the site itself, with their own hands and will go further.
Aquifers and their occurrence
The structure of occurrence of rocks is very heterogeneous. Even at one site at a distance of a meter "pie" - the composition of the layers and their sizes - can vary significantly. Because it happens so hard to find water on the site, you have to drill several wells to find a normal aquifer. There are three main aquifers:
I must say that it is not difficult to find a verkhovodka on the site. Knowing some of the features of vegetation, having checked some points, you determine the location of the water-bearing with a fairly high accuracy.
With the water-bearing sand layer, everything is much more complicated - the depths are serious, it is necessary to focus mainly on the location of wells-wells in the neighbors, well, not some indirect signs.
To find artesian water On site it is possible only by means of test drilling. The maps can help aquifers. Since 2011 in Russia they are open access (without payment). To get a map of your region, you need to send an application to ROSGEOLFOND. You can do it on their official website, but you can download the forms of the required documents, fill them in and mail them (with the receipt of the receipt).
How to find water on the site with the help of folk methods
There are many people's ways of finding water on the site. You can believe in them, you can not believe, but on average, the percentage of hit is 70-80%, which is not lower than the "scientific" methods, so it's definitely worth trying. These methods require a certain amount of time and attention, but it's free (if you're looking for water on the site itself), so that they may well be combined - to test a number of ways, and dig / drill at the point where their testimony agreed.
Pay attention to plants
This paragraph is meaningful only if the site is not developed, but "populated" by wild plantations. By where and which plants grow quite accurately you can determine the depth of the water.
All that is necessary - to walk around the site, to see where it is growing, near the found plants to put up pegs, on which you can indicate the possible depth of the water. The table shows a list of plants by which it is possible to determine the presence of water at a particular depth.
| Plant - indicator | Depth of occurrence of perchage |
|---|---|
| Rogoza, wild rosemary, birch fluffy | 0 to 1 m |
| Sandy reeds, buckthorn, wild boar, | 1 - 3 m |
| Reed, loch, sarsazan, common spruce, blackberry, raspberry, poplar black | up to 5 m |
| Wormwood paniculate, chy brilliant, heather, common pine, bird cherry, oak tree, | up to 7-8 meters |
| Licorice naked, wormwood sand, alfalfa yellow (up to 15 m), juniper, hazel, cornflower, toloknica officinalis, beech | from 3-5 to 10 meters |
There are several types of trees in the table. It is not about the massifs, but about individual plants, maybe a small group of plants that are "milled" in one place. In the case of herbaceous plants, on the contrary, they are not single specimens, but glades occupying a certain area of the soil.
Using Frames
On a long-developed plot to determine by plants where the water is, will not work. Here it is necessary to apply other methods. One of the most common and giving a high probability - a search using frames - aluminum wires bent at an angle of 90 °. This method is also called biolocation. Take two pieces of wire 30-40 cm long. A piece of 10 cm long is bent at right angles.
In order for the "readings" to be more precise, the short pieces are inserted into tubes made of thin branches of a tree-like elderberry. In the cut branches of elder, the core is taken out, the bent wire is inserted inside. The ends of the wire should move freely.
Search for water in the area with the help of biolocation - the framework
Taking the frames in both hands, the ends of the wires are bred in opposite directions (by 180 °) and they walk around the site, observing their condition. Somewhere the frames will converge together, somewhere to turn in one direction (to the right or to the left - along the course of the water). Here on these movements and determine where the water is.
If the frames came together (at some angle their ends shifted), in this place there is water. After going further you will see that the frames have again parted - the aquifer has ended. Repeat the maneuver can be from different directions and points, so you can localize the location of the water-carrier. If the two frames converge at the back pass - you have determined the place where you need to dig a well or. If the frames have deviated to the right or to the left, one must go to that side and look for a place where they will converge again.
If the frames are fixed - there is no water on the site or the water-carriers are very deep.
Use of a vine (a wooden slingshot)
You can find water on the site with the help of a slingshot from a tree. You need to find two branches that grow from one point. Branches should be thick, at least 1 cm, even. Try to find them the same thickness. Cut with a piece of trunk (15-20 cm), on which they grew. Should be a big slingshot. The leaves are cleaned, the thin ends of the rods are cut off, leaving at least 40 cm and each side of the "fork". The branches are bent to the sides so that the angle is at least 150 °, fix them in this position and leave to dry. The wood may not be completely dry, but the angle should be preserved.
How to find water on the site with your own hands - this is how they work with the vine
The dried vine is taken for the ends of the fork, keep it horizontally at shoulder level. In the place where there is water under the earth, part of the trunk will lean towards the ground. In this place it will be possible to drill a well. If there are no deviations, there is no water in the area at a shallow depth.
Determination of the amount of water in an underground source
In addition to finding water, it would be nice to determine also its volumes. Approximately, they can be estimated using clay pots and silica gel. They take clay pots, fill them with silica gel, tie the neck with cotton cloth. Packed pots are weighed (weight can be written on the pot itself). Harvested shells are buried in places where it is supposed to find water and leave for a day.
The day after the pots are excavated and re-weighed.
That pot, which is more than the others scored in weight, and notes the vein with the most water.
Searching for water - watching the nature
You can find water on the site simply by observing nature. You probably noticed that in some places the fog is the thickest. Sometimes it even resembles a river - wriggling stretches in some direction. At such points, usually groundwater are the closest. Another morning should look at the amount of dew. If in places where the fog was especially dense, there is more of it, then the water there is definitely there.
What else can help to find water on the site is the observation of insects. In a warm, windless evening, often a midwife gathers in clouds or poles. And they are located in certain places. Under places of accumulation of insects, water sources are usually located. If you look at the ground and do not find ant nests, then there really is water - the ants do not make their nests above the water.
How to determine the level of groundwater
Approximately to estimate, on what depth there is a verkhovodka, it is possible on growing plants above it. As can be seen from the table above, certain plant species normally feel themselves if the water is not higher and not below a certain depth. So you can approximately estimate how deep the water is.
For sites where there is a natural reservoir - a river, a lake nearby - you can determine the depth of the water to the nearest meter. This will require a barometer. With him you go down to the water, you measure the pressure. Then go to the alleged source of water and measure the pressure there. The difference is usually expressed in tenths and every tenth (0.1) equates to a meter of depth. For example, the difference in measurements is 0.7 mm / Hg. post. This means that the water is at a depth of 7 meters.
What else can help to find water on the site? Communicate with neighbors who already have a well or a well. They want to know where they drilled / dug, how many times, a lot of water or not, at what depth is the mirror of water, what is its quality. At the location of all the nearest successful and unsuccessful attempts at neighbors, it is possible with a fairly high degree of probability to determine where you have water.
In this section, we will tell you about the basics of drilling a small-sized drilling rig GB-50, finding aquifers, well equipment. For those people who have already been drilling and representing the structure of the soil and aquifers by their activities, there will be practically no difficulties in working with the drill. Our recommendations are necessary first of all for those who are not familiar with the fundamentals of drilling and working on such units. What you need to know!
About aquifers
The first water-bearing occurs at 4-6 meters of drilling (in the common rock "quicksand"). In this water-carrier water is considered "technical", but can be drinking (determined by examination).
The second aquifer at a depth of 9 to 18 meters. Great probability of drinking water.
The third water-bearing depth is 25-35 meters, up to 50 meters there are still water-carriers. But there were cases when the first aquifers lay at a depth of more than 60 meters. Our drillers drill wells mainly from 10 to 35 meters. The drilling process is easier and easier to install a casing.
To determine the occurrence of aquifers, the choice of casing pipes and water intake assemblies, we recommend starting drilling with an exploratory drill with a diameter of 100 mm.
When water is at 9-10 meters, it is possible to lower the 32nd plastic pipe with a filter, and from above put pumping station. Find the water deeper: we drill a well 150-200 drill, put a 116-125 casing, and in it a submerged pump. Did not find the aquifers: take 400-500 rubles per meter from the customer for exploratory drilling. Exploration drilling with the customer is stipulated in the contract.
How to determine the aquifer?
The underground aquifer consists of loose sand. Upper water-carriers are gray fine sand of marine type, deeper is coarse sand, gravel.
Water circulating along the water-carrier forms a channel, i.e. Above and below the bed is usually a hard layer (dense clay, calcareous and other layers) with a thickness of 5 cm to several meters (Karelia, Leningrad region).
Punching these layers (seen from the behavior of the drill) you determine the top of the water-bearing, then the drill with the rods into the loose aquifer goes quickly and rests against the lower layer. By the number of bolted rods define a thickness water carrier, wherein the look that is washed out of the well (sand), refer to water absorption (replacing rods water in the well falls several centimeters under weak underground pressure), or extruded from the rod (mainly to a depth of 15 meters or with strong underground pressure) There are still such subtleties: These are "beacons" installed in the pit from which the recirculating water is collected by motor pump. During drilling, the water in the pit is at the same level until you get into the aquifer or into any void. In this case, the water in the intake pit will decrease or vice versa run out of the well and flood the beacon in the pit. Next, look at the signs outlined above (leaching ground, drill behavior, etc)
About the pits
It is better to excavate the pits better than two.
The 1st pit is a sedimentation tank, it contains a washed up rock.
The second pit for collecting return water.
Dimensions of pits: width and length of 2 bayonets of the shovel, depth of 2 bayonets of the shovel. Large pits do not need to be digged: in a small pit, water absorption is more visible, which is very important in the detection of aquifers.
The water column depends on the pressure groundwater from a few centimeters to a dozen meters.
Our drillers had several examples:
At 15 meters fell on the water-carrier and the water rose higher than a meter above the ground;
Drilled at 57 meters - the water rose to 7 meters from the ground level.
Therefore, it is impossible to talk about any particular figure, but the higher the water column, the greater the flow rate of the well.
Well location
The well is not a well, there is no need in the people's methods of determining the high water. The location for the well is determined by the customer. Water should be in different places, but at different depths of occurrence.
Drilling of clay soils
This is the most optimal rapid drilling, with it the well does not crumble.
Drilling of sandy soils, quicksand
If your region - sand in the circulating water, in order not showered wellbore, it is necessary to add binder additive (bentonite clay, dry clay stuvamiks: 5-7% of the volume of circulating water) or apply additional casing.
Drilling of solid, stony, calcareous layers
The most difficult process. In case of contact with these layers, it is recommended to reduce the speed of the working tool to 40-35 rpm, so that there is less biting of the drill.
Now about why the installation uses a manual winch
With the passage of solid layers like the driller fisherman on winter fishing - with the jig, and the winch up and down, up and down until the layer pass. Even with the most advanced electric control device, the control panel will not last long from such work.
The electric hoist is convenient for extracting the rod string from the borehole, therefore our drillers are surely equipped with manual and additional electric winch.
The use of a roller cutter much simplifies the work on hard layers.
"Rolls", rectangular ribbon thread, diameters of 150 mm, 190.5 mm., Converted to our installation, are not included in the installation kit, but are purchased separately. Roller bits can be drilled from the beginning of drilling, but on clay soil drilling is much slower than with a paddle drill.
Please note: if you hit a large rock - the installation shakes, you did not pass for half an hour and 2 cm, then we recommend to rearrange the installation to another location.
How to avoid collapse of the walls of the well and seizure of the drill?
1. During the drilling process, the flow of water should always flow out of the wellbore. If the circulation of water stops, without turning off the rotation of the drill, immediately raise the column of rods to the height of the installation and wait until the motor pump does its work.
2. Before increasing the next bar with a winch or grip, lift the rod string. If the column rises easily - drill further, if you feel resistance - perform the operation outlined in paragraph 1.
3. After attaching the next boom, lift the winch with a reducer and a column of rods. Start the motor pump, run the air post on the bars until the bubbles go out of the well. This is necessary in order to clean the working tools and make sure of the normal supply of working fluid.
The main thing is not to rush while drilling: let the engine pump work longer, but not your hands and jacks.
You can not pump water out of the well without a casing, and the walls will collapse.
Which motor pump should I buy?
For drilling, you need a motor pump such as: "Subaru", "Honda" "Champion" - Taiwan, etc. for contaminated or dirty water with the following characteristics:
Head from 26 m. = Pressure of 2.6 atm .;
Productivity from 20 m3 / h.
Suitable and Chinese counterparts, they are cheaper in 2 times. The more powerful the pump, the faster the drilling, the well is better washed. The operation of the motor pump (revolutions) depends on the pump's productivity and the depth of the well. It is important that from the well in the drilling process, the flow of water always flows out. In practice - for motor pumps with a capacity of 50 m3 to 78 m3, medium speed is enough.
What should I do when I need to leave the installation for the night?
Lift the carriage with the operating elements to the upper base of the unit and secure it.
The next day: start the motor pump, let it run for 30 minutes, start the drive, release the winch and raise the rod column, feeling that the carriage moves easily, start drilling.
Remember: the better the well is washed, the easier it is to install casing.
Casing
Recently, plastic casing has been used for casing a well pVC pipes. In our case, we recommend casing pipes with a diameter of 125 mm PVC, 116 mm (shallow borehole), wall thickness 5-7 mm. They more freely enter the borehole D 200 mm, and in their time enter submersible pumps such as "Baby", "Oasis".
Filters are used various: slit, with spraying, self-made. Manufacture of filters from casing pipes:
* "Bulgarian" cut the slots across the casing along its entire length, in this form and are cased. When pumping a well around the casing, it is abundantly sprinkled with gravel. Pros - a great debit, disadvantages - a long pumping, high content of sand, clay in the water.
* holes in the casing are drilled Φ 20 mm, then the pipe turns into 3 turns (geotextile, mosquito net, brass net, or dress special filter (stockings) all fixed with yokes.
How to install a casing string in a water-carrier consisting of fine sand?
It often happens that we drilled a well, found a strong water-carrier, and it's impossible to install a casing in a water-carrier, it's washed away.
In this case, in the tip, which is screwed onto the filter, holes are drilled with a drill or slits are cut into the "bulgarian". On the casing, a headband is put on top, a pressure hose from the motor pump is attached to the headband, and a head of clean water is supplied. The casing string itself enters the aquifer.
How to flush the well?
After installing the casing, the well should be flushed and the aquifer layer washed, which was drilled with the drilling fluid during drilling. To do this, it is necessary to install a headpiece on the casing, attach the pressure hose from the motor pump to it and bring it inside clean water. Minimum water - 1m3.
Then, casing outside the gravel gravel (CGS fraction 5 mm) at the rate of 1 bucket per 0.5m casing.
How to pump a well?
The simplest version: take the diaphragm pump type "Baby" with a lower water intake, attached to the cable and sinks to the bottom of the well. Caution: It is necessary to raise the pump regularly so that it does not get washed away by sand and dirt. This type of work can be performed by the customer or in the contract an additional type of services is stipulated. At what depth should the submerged pump be installed? The pump is lowered into the well just below the water column. Do not install the pump on the bottom of the well.
Good luck to you in the hard work of the driller!
