Summary of training slingers. Handbook for slingers on the safe work of lifting mechanisms - file n1.doc
n1.doc
Allowance
For slingers
for safe production
work with lifting machines
| 1. | Introduction | |
| Qualification characteristic | ||
| 2. | Basics of Cranes | |
| 2.1. | Scope of the Rules for the Construction and Safe Operation of Cranes | |
| 2.2. | Classification of cranes | |
| 2.3. | Indexing Cranes | |
| 2.4. | The main parameters of cranes | |
| 2.5. | | |
| 3. | Lifting authorities, lifting devices and containers | |
| 3.1 | Ropes | |
| 3.2 | Methods of fastening the ends of steel ropes. | |
| 3.3. | General information about load gripping devices | |
| 3.4. | Safety requirements | |
| 3.5. | Exploitation | |
| 3.6. | Inspection and rejection of devices and containers | |
| 4. | Organization of work on the safe operation of cranes | |
| 5. | Works of lifting cranes | |
| 5.1. | Classification of goods and methods of cargo strapping | |
| 5.2. | Cargo handling and warehousing | |
| 5.3. | Requirements for work sites cranes | |
| 5.4. | Civil and erection works | |
| 5.5. | Basic information about crane production projects and technological maps | |
| 6. | Safety | |
| 6.1. | Labor safety in the production of works | |
Section 1. Introduction.
Qualification characteristic
TYPICAL INSTRUCTIONS
PROTECTION FOR LABOR PROTECTION
TI P M-007-2000
APPROVED by the Deputy Minister of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation
1. GENERAL SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
1.1. This Instruction is intended for slingers of all types of cranes, with a lifting capacity of up to 10 tons, controlled from the floor, which are not subject to registration with the Gosgortechnadzor, and when working with forklift trucks.
1.2. Compliance with the requirements of this manual is a prerequisite for the safety of slingers.
1.3. Slingers nominate employees who are at least 18 years old, have undergone a preliminary medical examination, have been trained under a special program, certified by a qualification commission and have received the appropriate certificate for the right to work.
1.4. In the case when the slinger’s duties are assigned to workers of other professions, they must undergo a medical examination and be pre-trained and certified in the manner prescribed in paragraph 1.3 of these Instructions.
1.5. The certified slinger shall be issued a certificate signed by the chairman of the qualification commission. The slinger must have this certificate with him and present at the request of the persons responsible for supervision and safe work on the movement of goods by cranes, as well as at the request of the crane operator.
1.6. The admission to work of certified slingers who have certificates is issued by the order of the enterprise.
1.7. In accordance with the requirements of the existing "# M12291 1200006349 Rules of device and safe operation of cranes # S" retest Slingers knowledge should be conducted by a qualified company commission:
periodically - at least once every 12 months;
in the transition of these persons from one enterprise to another;
during a break in work in the specialty for more than 6 months;
at the request of the engineering and technical worker for the supervision of lifting machines or inspectors of the Gosgortekhnadzor.
The results of the knowledge of the slinger are recorded in the protocol, the number of which is affixed to the certificate and confirmed by the seal of the enterprise.
1.8. The number of slingers servicing one crane must be determined by the management of the enterprise. When working two or more slingers, one of them is appointed senior.
1.9. In the course of work on a slinger, the following dangerous and production factors may be affected:
moving machines and mechanisms;
transported and stored goods;
increased dustiness of the air in the working area;
increased or decreased air temperature of the working area;
cutting and piercing objects (protruding nails, scraps of metal tape or wire, etc.).
1.10. Slingers (depending on the working conditions) should be provided with special clothing, footwear and personal protective equipment:
overalls cotton,
mittens combined,
protective helmet
In case of employment in hot areas, in addition:
leather boots with a metal toe.
On outdoor work in the winter in addition:
a jacket on a warming pad;
trousers on the warming laying;
felt boots.
1.11. Slingers serving cranes and having certification certificates must:
know the established procedure for exchanging signals with the crane operator;
know the safe ways of slinging or hooking loads;
be able to determine the suitability to work of ropes, hooks, lifting devices and containers;
know the rules for the safe movement of goods by cranes;
know the methods of exemption from the action of electric current of persons who have fallen under the voltage, and methods of providing them with first aid
have an idea about the device serviced crane and know its capacity;
be able to select the lines required for operation (according to lifting capacity, number of branches, length and angle of inclination of the lines of the sling to the vertical) and other lifting devices depending on the weight and nature of the moved load;
be able to produce the correct strapping and have the skills to properly hang the container on the hook;
know the filling rate of the container;
know the order of storage of goods;
know the safe operation of cranes near the power line.
1.12. When performing loading and unloading operations, the slinger must strictly adhere to the accepted technology of cargo handling. It is not allowed to apply methods that accelerate the implementation of technological operations leading to the violation of safety requirements.
1.13. If any questions arise in the course of work related to its safe execution, the slinger must immediately contact the person responsible for the safe handling of cargoes by cranes.
1.14. In case of violation of the Instructions by other workers, the slinger must warn the worker or inform the person responsible for the safe operation of the cranes.
1.15. Before using the pulling device, the slinger must ensure that it is working properly. It is forbidden to use faulty pulling devices.
1.16. In the places of production of loading and unloading operations there must be schemes for proper strapping and slinging of typical loads that do not have special devices (hinges, pins, frames). In the absence of these schemes, the slinger is obliged to require them from the employee responsible for the safe execution of work on the movement of goods by cranes.
1.17. Lifting devices (slings, traverses, chains, tongs, etc.), received by the company from repair, can be used by slingers only after a preliminary inspection. Do not use lifting devices that have not passed the test.
1.18. During operation, removable lifting devices and containers should be subjected to periodic inspection in a timely manner, but not less than:
traverses - every 6 months;
slings and tare - every 10 days;
ticks and other seizures - after 1 month.
The results of the inspection and testing of removable lifting devices and containers should be recorded in the log book and their inspection.
1.19. The slinger must obey the person responsible for the safe conduct of work on the movement of goods by cranes.
1.20. While working, slingers should be careful not to be distracted by other things and not distract others.
1.21. Slingers must work in tight working clothes and gloves. Shoes should not have slippery soles and must comply with the requirements of the safety standards system.
1.22. In the event of an accident, the slinger must immediately seek medical assistance and report the incident to the person responsible for the safe handling of the cranes.
1.23. Slingers are prohibited from engaging consignees and other unauthorized persons in the strapping of cargo.
1.24. If the lifting devices (ropes, slings) have superficial wear of wires or torn strands, the slinger must warn the person responsible for the safe handling of the cargo by cranes, or the person responsible for keeping the lifting machines in good condition, the crane operator and obtaining permission to use the data gripping device or on his culling.
1.25. It is forbidden to splice the pulling ropes and connect broken chains with the help of bolts.
1.26. The slinger must know the location of the switch, which supplies voltage to the main trolley wires or flexible cable of the electric crane, and in necessary cases be able to disconnect the crane from the network.
2. SAFETY REQUIREMENTS BEFORE YOU BEGIN WORK
2.1. Before starting work, the slinger must:
tidy up working clothes;
fasten or tie up the cuffs of the sleeves;
dress up so that there are no dangling ends;
put on a fitting head-dress and put hair under it;
get instructions on the rules, procedure, location and dimensions of the storage of goods;
acceptance of lifting devices, making sure that they are in good condition, that they have stamps or tags indicating the number, date of testing and capacity;
check the serviceability of the container and the presence on it of an inscription about its purpose, number, own weight and maximum mass of the cargo for which it is intended to be transported;
make an external examination of the ropes, lines, traverse and make sure that they work;
pick up lifting devices corresponding to their weight and the nature of the lifted load (packaged piece, large-sized, agricultural machinery, etc.). Lifting capacity of the sling should correspond to the force of the weight of the lifted load, the number of branches and their angle of inclination; the angle between the branches of the sling should not exceed 90 °;
check the illumination of the working platform in the area of the crane. In case of insufficient lighting, you should inform the worker responsible for the safe operation of the movement of goods by cranes.
2.2. The slinger must check the places and dimensions of the storage of goods, access roads, fences, the presence of passages between the crane and the protruding parts of ground structures, piles of cargo, etc. According to the "Rules for the Construction and Safe Operation of Cranes" of the Gosgortekhnadzor of Russia, the horizontal distance between protruding crane parts and cargo stacks or buildings located at a height of 2 m from the level of the working platform must be at least 700 mm and at a height of more than 2 m - not less than 400 mm. The vertical distance from the console to the sites where people may be located must be at least 2 m.
2.3. If necessary, the use of stairs, stands for work, before starting work, you should make sure that they are in good condition.
2.4. The slinger must make sure that the power transmission lines are located at what distance from the crane's working zone. It is prohibited to carry out loading and unloading operations near power lines (closer than 30 m from the end of the line) without the written permission of the chief engineer of the enterprise (order clearance) and without the presence of an employee responsible for the safe handling of cargo by cranes.
3. SAFETY REQUIREMENTS DURING OPERATION
3.1. The slinger should start work only after receiving a briefing from an employee responsible for the safe operation of cargo handling by cranes.
3.2. The slinger must remember that he is fully responsible for any accidents or damage that occurred as a result of giving the wrong signal to the driver or the incorrect slinging of the goods being moved.
3.3. When tying and hooking the goods, the slinger must follow the following guidelines:
strapping or hooking of goods should be carried out in accordance with the slinging of goods;
slinging of rarely transported goods, which are not developed schemes of their slinging, to produce under the guidance of the employee responsible for the safe work on the movement of goods by cranes;
as sling can be used: wire, ropes, chains and other devices;
check the mass of the cargo intended to be moved by crane, according to the list of goods or by marking on the cargo;
if the slinger does not have the ability to determine the weight of the cargo, then he must learn it from the employee responsible for the safe execution of work on the movement of goods by cranes;
when tying a load, ropes and chains should be superimposed on its main body without corners, twists and loops; special linings should be placed under the edges of the cargo to protect the lines from damage;
the goods should be tied up in such a way that, during its movement, the possibility of the cargo or part of it falling out is ensured and the cargo is in a stable position during movement. For this, lengthy goods must be slinged in at least two places;
slinging reinforced concrete and concrete products, as well as other goods with loops, trunnions, to produce for all intended for lifting in the appropriate position of the loop, trunnion;
when hanging the load on two hooks, the pulling ropes and chains are applied so that the load is distributed evenly on both horns of the hook;
strengthen the ends of a multi-branch sling not used to hold the load in such a way that, when the load is moved by the crane, the possibility of hitting these ends with items on the way is excluded;
when lifting two cranes, tying and hanging it should be done under the direct supervision of the worker responsible for the safe production of cargoes by cranes;
to make sure that the cargo intended for lifting is not reinforced, not clamped, not filled and frozen to the ground;
fill the container in such a way as to exclude the possibility of the cargo falling out of the container, for this it should be filled no higher than the established rate;
make sure that the crane’s cargo ropes are in an upright position before lifting the load.
3.4. When tying and hooking the load to the slinger, it is prohibited:
to hook reinforced concrete and concrete products for damaged hinges;
to put your hands under the load when strapping it;
to drive the pin (hook) of the sling into the assembly loops of reinforced concrete products;
straighten the branches of the slings in weight with a blow of a hammer, crowbars or other objects;
use ladders for hooking and tying large-sized cargoes; in such cases, ladder platforms should be used;
to sling cargo, covered with earth, frozen to the ground, laid with cargo, filled with concrete, etc .;
to hook the cargo in a container filled above the established norm.
3.5. Before each operation for lifting, moving and lowering the load, the slinger must give the corresponding signal to the crane operator, and when servicing one crane with several slingers the signal must be given by the eldest of them.
3.6. Before giving a signal of lifting, the slinger must make sure:
in the absence of people in the area of loading and unloading operations;
in the reliability of securing the load when lifting and there are no obstacles for which the load can catch;
in the absence of foreign objects (tools) on the cargo;
in full uncoupling of cargo from vehicles.
3.7. When lifting and moving cargo, the slinger must:
preliminarily signal to lift the load, the mass of which is close to the maximum load-carrying capacity of the crane, to a height of 200-300 mm in order to ensure the correctness of the slinging, uniformity of the tension of the sling, good condition of the crane brakes and after that give a signal to lift the load;
in case of horizontal movement of cargo, make sure that the cargo is raised to a height above the obstacles encountered on the way by at least 0.5 m;
when moving a crane by a crane, make sure that it is not located above people and its protruding parts do not come closer to the crane’s structural elements closer than 1 m; if the load when moving out of sight of the slinger, then the position relative to the elements of the crane should follow the crane operator;
ensure that the lifting of the load from the anchor bolts is carried out with the lowest speed, without distortions, jams and horizontal movement until it is completely removed from the bolts;
make sure that the lifting of small, piece and bulk cargoes is carried out in a special inventory container tested for strength;
make sure that when lifting cargo, oblique position of the cargo rope is excluded;
during lifting and moving long or large-sized cargo to prevent them from swaying, use guy ropes made of hemp rope with a diameter of at least 25 mm or a thin steel cable;
when lifting goods in the form of packages to apply devices that prevent the loss of individual elements from the package;
to carry out loading and unloading operations in the dark, only with good lighting;
if necessary while carrying flexible cablethat feeds a self-propelled crane, warn the crane operator that he does not turn the crane at this time;
immediately signal to the crane operator about the termination of the lifting (moving) of the cargo in case of noticed faults of the crane or crane runway and report the fault to the crane operator;
immediately signal to the crane operator that termination of the lifting and movement of cargo by the crane in the event that unauthorized persons appear in the crane operation area;
lifting of machines and equipment in assembled form should be carried out only if the slinging is performed for all places or devices intended for slinging, painted with paint of a different color than the general color and indicated by the slinging symbol;
when loading agricultural machines, tractors and large units that do not have designated places for slinging onto motor vehicles or unloading them into open areas, first give a signal to lift the load to a small height in order to correctly determine the choice of attachment points and location of the center of gravity, and then submit signal about loading (unloading) at the place of storage.
3.8. When lowering the load, the slinger must:
inspect the place on which the goods should be laid, and make sure that it is impossible to drop, tilt or slide the cargo;
pre-lay strong linings in place of the unloading so that the pulling ropes or chains can be easily and without damage removed from the load;
cargo should be stowed evenly, without violating the dimensions established for warehousing, an exception can be made when loading timber, when the pulling devices must not have fasteners that prevent the pulling of the char;
loading of goods into a vehicle, wagons, platforms, etc., as well as removal of it to produce, without disturbing the balance of these vehicles;
remove the slings from the load or hook after the load is securely installed or laid in place;
after uncoupling the cargo, hang the attachment devices to the crane hook and give a signal that the pulling devices are tightened to a safe height.
3.9. When lifting, moving and lowering the load, slingers are prohibited from:
to move the load by dragging;
release the load-carrying devices (slings, traverses, etc.) clamped by the load with a crane;
lift the load, improperly tied, in an unstable position;
lift and move the load with a crane if there is a danger of hitting people in the area of operation of the crane;
to pull (pull) the load during its lifting, moving and releasing in the oblique direction of the cargo ropes;
lift incorrectly spiked cargo or with unreliable load handling devices;
to be on the cargo during its lifting or moving, as well as to allow lifting or moving the cargo if there are unauthorized people on it;
to be under the lifted load;
to load and unload cargo in vehicles, while the driver or other workers are in the cab;
load cargo on electrical cables, pipelines, temporary overlaps, scaffolding, not intended for stowage;
to carry out lifting of cargo with insufficient illumination of the site, heavy fog, snowfall;
equilibrium balance of cargo with its own weight.
4. SAFETY REQUIREMENTS IN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS
4.1. In case of an accident, the injured or an eyewitness, who was at the same time, must immediately notify the foreman or the site manager, who must arrange for the provision of first aid to the injured and send him to a medical institution.
5. SAFETY REQUIREMENTS AT THE END OF WORK
5.1. Upon completion of work, the slinger must pass the shift and transfer all lifting devices to the changer.
5.2. The slinger must acquaint the changer with the conditions under which the work was carried out, report on all faults during operation, which may be the cause of traumatic situations.
5.3. The slinger must notify the worker responsible for the safe execution of work on the movement of goods by cranes, of all noticed faults of the crane runway, fencing, lighting, lifting devices, pulling ropes, etc.
The text of the document is verified by:
regulatory production
Typical instructions for labor protection
when carrying out loading and unloading
works and placement of goods.
TI P M-001-2000-TI P M-016-2000:
Collection of standard instructions
/ Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation. -
M .: Publishing House NTs ENAS, 2004
Section 2. Basic information about cranes
2.1. Scope of the device rules
and safe operation of cranes
These rules apply to:
a) cranes of all types, including overhead traveling cranes with machine-driven *;
b) electric freight carriages, moving on elevated rail tracks together with the control cabin *;
c) excavator cranes designed to work only with a hook suspended on a rope or an electromagnet *;
d) electric hoists *;
e) crane lifts;
e) load gripping organs (hooks, grabs, lifting electromagnets, clamp clamps, etc.);
g) lifting devices (slings, grabs, traverses, etc.);
h) containers, with the exception of special containers used in metallurgical production (ladles, molds, molds, etc.), as well as in sea and river ports, the requirements for which are established by industry rules or regulations. (Rules 1.3).
a) lifting machines installed in mines, on sea and river vessels and other floating structures, which are subject to special rules;
b) excavators designed to work with earthmoving equipment or grapples;
c) load-lifting cranes-manipulators and cranes-pipe-laying machines, which are subject to the relevant rules of the Gosgortechnadzor of Russia;
g) cranes designed to work only with attachments (vibratory pile drivers, grooves, cradles, drilling equipment, etc.);
e) special-purpose lifting machines (for example, floor, filling and planting machines, electric and forklift trucks, track and bridge laying machines, etc.);
e) mounting tackles and structures to which they are suspended (masts, shevra, beams, etc.);
g) hand-operated cranes;
h) hand hoists. (Rules 1.4).
2.2. Classification of cranes
| Crane classification by design |
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| 1.1. Bridge type crane: | 1.2. Cable Crane: | 1.3. Jib type: |
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| - supporting bridge crane | - cable crane | - portal crane |
|
| - suspended overhead crane | - bridge cable crane | - semi-port crane |
|
| - pavement stacker crane | - jib crane |
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| - gantry crane | - tower crane |
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| - half gantry crane | - railway crane |
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| - mast crane |
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| - mast cable-stayed |
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| - mast stiff-legged |
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| - cantilever crane |
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| - mooring crane |
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| - console on a column |
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| - wall |
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| - cycling |
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| Classification of cranes by type of lifting body |
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| 1.4. Hook crane | 1.9. Multi-Crane Crane | 1.14. Stripper for stripping ingots (stripper) |
|
| 1.5. Grab crane | 1.10. Whip crane | 1.15. Well crane |
|
| 1.6. Magnetic crane | 1.11. Foundry crane | 1.16. Crane with traverse |
|
| 1.7. Multi-magnetic crane | 1.12. Landing crane | ||
| 1.8. Multi-grab crane | 1.13. Forging crane | ||
| Crane classification by installation method |
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| 1.17. Stationary crane | 1.19. Adjustable crane | 1.21. Mobile crane |
|
| 1.18. Self-lifting crane | 1.20. Radial crane | - trailer crane |
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| Classification of cranes by type of suspension device |
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| 1.22. Crawler Crane | 1.23. Wheel crane: |
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| Automobile, on a special chassis, pneumowheel, short base, rail, roller |
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| Classification of cranes by type of drive |
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| 1.25. crane electric | 1.26. Mechanical crane | 1.27. Hydraulic crane |
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| Crane classification by degree of rotation |
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| 1.28. Swivel crane | 1.29. Fixed crane |
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| - the valve is not full turn | |||
| - full-turn crane | |||
KB - . OO
CB - tower crane
The 1st digit indicates the number of the size group for the load moment:
1 - up to 25 tm; 5 - up to 250 tm; 9 - more than 1000 tm.
2 - up to 60 tm; 6 - up to 400 tm;
3 - up to 100 tm; 7 - up to 630 tm;
4 - up to 160 tm; 8 - up to 1000 tm;
The next two digits from 01 to 69 are assigned to cranes with a swivel tower, from 71 to 99 - to cranes with a fixed tower.
After the point indicates the number of execution, which differs from the base model. For basic models, the execution number “0” is not written.
Then - designation of the next modernization (change of design without changing the basic parameters) A, B, C, then climatic modification (CL - for cold, T - tropical and TV - tropical humid climate; no letter for moderate climate).
2.3.2. Jib cranes
KS - - OO
KS - jib crane
| 1st digit | 2nd digit | 3rd digit |
||
| Dimensional group on loading capacity | View of the undercarriage | Execution of boom equipment |
||
| 1 | 4 t | 1 | Tracked | 6 - flexible suspension |
| 2 | 6.3 t | 2 | Tracked | 7 - stiffer suspension |
| 3 | 10 t | 3 | Pneumatic wheel | |
| 4 | 16 t | 4 | Spetsshassi | |
| 5 | 25 t | 5 | Automotive | |
| 6 | 40 t | 6 | Tractor | |
| 7 | 63 t | 7 | Trailed and semi-trailed | |
| 8 | 100 t | 8 | short base | |
| 9 | Over 100 t | 9 | ||
2.4. The main parameters of cranes.
1. Removable lifting devicemsg - device weight msg, connecting cargo with a crane. Removable lifting device is easily removed from the lifting device and is disconnected from the load.
2. Payload useful mp - cargo weight mp, lifted by a crane and suspended using removable lifting devices or directly to non-removable lifting devices.
3. Net load capacitytn - cargo weight tn, lifted by a crane and suspended with the help of fixed lifting devices. Weight tn mp and removable lifting devices m sg : t n = t p + m sg
4. Midi payloadt m- cargo weight tm, lifted by a crane and suspended from the lower end of the lifting means. Weight tm is the sum of the mass values of the load corresponding to the payload mp, removable lifting devices msg and fixed lifting devices tng:
t m = t p + m sg + t ng
5. Gross carrying capacityt b - cargo weight tbsuspended directly to the crane, to the trolley or to the tip of the boom. Weight tb is the sum of the mass values of the load corresponding to the payload mp, removable and fixed lifting devices msg and tng and lifting means tps:
t b = t p + m sg + t ng + t ps
6. Moment cargo: M =Q* L - product of carrying capacity Q and its corresponding departure L.
7
. Moment tipping cargo: MA =Q*
L - The product of the load values Q and corresponding departure from rollover rib BUT.
8. DepartureL
- The horizontal distance from the axis of rotation of the rotary part to the vertical axis of the load gripping body when the crane is mounted on a horizontal platform.
8.1. Departure project - Departure defined without a hook load.
8.2. Departure worker - Departure, defined with a load on the hook.
9. Departure from rollover rib - The horizontal distance from the tipping edge to the vertical axis of the load gripping body when the crane is mounted on a horizontal platform.
9.1. Departure project from tipping edge - Departure from tipping edge, determined without hook load.
9.2. Departure worker from rollover rib - Departure from tipping edge, defined with a load on the hook.
10. Lifting height H - the vertical distance from the level of the parking of the crane to the lifting body in the upper position.
12. Lowering depthh - the vertical distance from the level of the parking of the crane to the load gripping body in the lower working position.
13. Lifting range.
14. Speeds of labor movements.
15. Structural weight.
16. total weight.
- The magnitude of the greatest vertical load transmitted by one road wheel on the crane way or on the axis.18. Rear clearance - The largest radius of the turning part of the crane on the side opposite to the boom.
19. Track - for boom cranes - the horizontal distance between the axes of the rails or the wheels of the undercarriage of the crane. For cargo trucks - the distance between the axles of the rails to move the trolley.
20. Base - The distance between the axes of the supports (carts) of the crane, measured along the way.
21. Outrigger Base - The distance between the vertical axes of the outriggers, measured along the path.
22. Distance between outriggers - The distance between the vertical axes of the outriggers, measured across the path.
23. Support contour - The contour formed by the horizontal projections of straight lines connecting the vertical axes of the supporting elements of the crane (wheels or outriggers).
24. Slope - The slope on which the crane is allowed.
25. Approximation Dimension - The space determined by the safety conditions during the operation of a crane near structures, from which only a load gripping body can go when performing working operations.
26. Crane stability - the ability of the crane to counteract overturning moments.
27. Cargo stability - the ability of the crane to counteract the tilting moments created by the mass of the load, the forces of inertia, the wind load of the working condition and other factors.
28. Own stability - the ability of the crane to counteract overturning moments when the crane is in working (including without load) and non-working conditions.
2.5. Safety Devices and Devices
Design classification
safety device - technical device of electronic type, mounted on a crane and designed to disable the mechanisms in emergency situations or to prevent them.
Safety device - technical device of a mechanical, electrical, hydraulic or other (non-electronic) type, mounted on a crane and intended to disable the mechanisms in emergency situations or to warn the crane operator (driver) about an emergency.
Classification by purpose
Limiter - a device that automatically turns off and / or switches to a reduced speed the drive mechanism in emergency situations.
Limiter labor movement - the limiter that causes the stop and / or restriction of the working movements of the crane.
Recorder of parameters of operation of the crane - a device that records the parameters of the crane.
Pointer - a device informing the crane operator (driver) and maintenance personnel about the working conditions of the crane.
Safety device - mechanical device to protect the crane in emergency situations.
Buffer - a device to soften the blow.
Anti-theft lock - a device for keeping the crane from moving along the crane (rail) track inoperative under the action of the wind.
| № | Safety Devices and Devices | Bridge cranes | Tower cranes | Jib cranes |
| 1. | Load limiter. | ± | + | + |
| 2. | Recorder of parameters of operation of the crane. | | + | + |
| 3. | Coordinate protection. | | + | + |
| 4. | Sound signal | + | + | + |
| 5. | Limiters of labor movements: The mechanism of lifting GZO in its extreme upper and lower positions; Limiter change mechanism departure; Limiter mechanism of movement of the crane; Limiter of the mechanism of movement of the cargo cart; and should be installed if necessary to limit the progress of any mechanism: Turning; Extension of telescopic boom sections; Cab rise. | stack | ||
| 6. | Skew limit. | KK, MP | - | - |
| 7. | Phase break relay. | + | + | + |
| 8. | Lock hatch door. | + | + | - |
| 9. | Load capacity indicator. | | + | + |
| 10. | Crane tilt angle indicator (inclinometer, alarm) | |||
| 11. | Anemometer | CC\u003e 16 m | H\u003e 15 m | |
| 12. | Anti-theft devices. | QC | + | |
| 13. | Buffer devices. | + | + | |
| 14. | Bearing parts. | + | + | - |
| 15. | The stops. | - | + | + |
| 16. | Key brand. | + | | |
| 17. | Limiters of working movements for automatic shutdown of mechanisms at a safe distance from the crane to the power lines. | | | + |
To help engineering and technical
labor protection workers
Release 1
Work safety and occupational safety by slingers
Tutorial
for training and certification
Compilers - V.I. Pushin
The book is written on the basis of examination tickets for certification of slingers, agreed with the Gosgortechnadzor of Russia. The necessary information on the obligations of the slinger, methods of slinging and storing goods, the structures of load-lifting devices and containers are given. The book is intended for training slingers, and can also be used by engineering and technical personnel during the instruction and annual inspections, knowledge of slingers on safe working methods. The book contains 88 illustrations, 11 tables and 7 appendices.
INTRODUCTION
The degree of mechanization of the main production processes , enterprises is increasing from year to year. Most workers use different mechanisms, power tools or are in the area of their action. The high level of labor intensification in the second half of the 20th century caused a significant increase in injuries according to the International Labor Organization (ILO) every three minutes, as a result of accidents in the world, 250 million people are injured, and every second 9 workers are injured. The unsatisfactory state of affairs in the field of safety of production and adequate working conditions adversely affect the overall life expectancy of people and mortality rates in the Russian Federation. Currently, the proportion of people of working age in the total number of deaths has reached 30%, while in the late 80s and early 90s it ranged from 20 to 26%. According to some experts, the level of injuries in our country, the current productivity of labor and the state of the economy should be 12-15 times lower, but it is higher than in Europe and the USA. Studies show that 60-80% of accidents occur through the fault of the victims themselves, who for some reason or other have not complied with the requirements of the safety rules. Psychologists see three main factors contributing to human trauma:
- With the development of technology, hazards grow faster than human resistance. Unfortunately, sometimes a lot of human blood is shed, until the path of security is found. The cost of error has increased. Modern man has to pay dearly for his mistakes. In recent years, the severity of injuries has increased throughout the world, although, in general, injury rates in developed countries have stabilized due to measures taken to create safer equipment and tough labor protection legislation. Man adapts to danger. In our time, technology has entered into the life and the labor process itself so much that people sometimes forget that it is also a source of high danger. The person gets used to violate safety regulations.
ORGANIZATION OF TECHNICAL SUPERVISION
- appoint an engineering and technical worker to supervise the safe operation of lifting machines, removable load-handling devices, and packaging, an engineer and technical worker responsible for maintaining load-lifting machines in good condition, and the person responsible for the safe operation of cranes; create a repair service, establish the procedure for technical maintenance and repair of training and examination of the personnel serving lifting machines, and ensure their necessary instructions and the priests.
- to carry out survey of load-lifting cars and mechanisms (registered and not registered in bodies of Gosgortekhnadzor); observe schedules for periodic inspections and repairs; control the availability of production instructions and their implementation by service personnel.
- keep in good condition lifting machines, removable lifting devices, containers and crane tracks; provide timely maintenance and repair by trained and certified personnel.
LOADING CRANES
GENERAL INFORMATION
Types of cranes in various sectors of our economy have found applications for cranes of various types: bridge, gantry, tower, automobile, crawler, pneumatic, railway, tractor, portal, etc., Bridge and gantry cranesby design features are divided into gantry cranes, general purpose (with hook suspension), special purpose (forest, container and others, with special load-gripping bodies, stackers (bridge and rack-mounted cranes), bridge workers and special purpose (magnetic, clamshell, etc.), metallurgical. Tower cranesfound wide application in construction. The execution tower cranes are with swivel and fixed tower. Equipped with means of alarm and safety devices. Given the g-barity of the crane, it is necessary for the slingers to have a radio contact with the crane operator. Jib self-propelled cranes -the main means of mechanization during loading, unloading, construction, installation and repair work. Types of carrying capacity determined by the Rules for the Design and Safe Operation of Cranes In accordance with international standards, the Rules specify the following types of carrying capacity: useful, net, midi, gross. The payload corresponds to the weight of the payload to be lifted, the net load capacity is
the weight of the load directly applied to the hook (taking into account the mass of removable lifting devices), midi load capacity - the weight of the load applied to the ropes (including weight and hook suspension), the gross load capacity of the load applied to the boom or trolley blocks (with taking into account the weight of the cargo ropes poly-spas In our country, a load capacity is understood to mean a net load capacity, i.e. weight of cargo suspended from a crane hook. Cranes of foreign manufacture may have different types of load-lift. The type of capacity is indicated in the passport of the crane. Hooks used on cranes On cranes, single and double hook hooks are used, which are made by forging or stamping. Lamellar hooks are also used, which are made of individual plates connected by rivets. Hooks must be equipped with a safety lock to prevent the spontaneous disengagement of the removable lifting device (Fig. 1). Safety locks may not have hooks of the cranes transporting molten metal and liquid slag. Assignment of outriggers Remote (additional) supports are supplied with jib self-propelled and railway cranes. Their use increases the stability of cranes by increasing the reference contour; allowing you to lift heavier loads. The outriggers relieve the bridges and pneumatic wheels of the crane when working with loads. In self-propelled cranes, outrigger supports come in various versions: folding, retractable, or pivoting. The support is extended manually or using a drive (hydraulic, mechanical, etc.) Anti-theft devices Cranes that move along rail tracks in open air should be provided with anti-theft devices. Anti-theft devices with machine-drive in case of damage to the drive must be equipped with devices to manually actuate them. Devicesand safety devices Depending on the type of crane (bridge, tower, etc.) and the type of drive (electric, mechanical, hydraulic) lifting machines are equipped with various instruments and devices to ensure its safe operation. It is prohibited to use safety devices and devices as working bodies. The construction of a nine-storey building was carried out with the use of a tower crane KB-405-2A, in violation of the project of production (PPR) containers with glass were moved through the building to store them on the other side. The danger zone was not fenced and marked with safety signs. The supply of the container to the storage month was carried out with, moving, a crane along crane tracks with simultaneous lifting of the hook. The crane operator hoped that the end switch of the hook suspension limiter would work, and did not turn off the lifting mechanism at the maximum height. The limit switch did not work, and the hook suspension deformed the tip of the boom of the crane. At the same time from the throat hook dropped two lines holding the container. On the hook of the crane remained stuck, in an unstable position, one of the side covers of the container. Despite the warning of the foreman, the site chief and the master passed into the danger zone. At this point, the container lid fell and caused fatal injuries to both engineers and technicians. In preparation for the installation of the rotor of the turbo generator, it was necessary to raise the hook of the auxiliary 20-ton lift to the upper position. The crane operator turned on the lift controller and, hoping that the hook suspension would be stopped by the limiter, the lift in the extreme upper position did not activate the mechanism in violation of the production instructions. Due to the installation of a limit switch with a distance from the SPR and careless attachment of the rope of the limiter to the lever of the limit switch, the height limiter of the auxiliary lift did not work and the suspension, reaching the stop, collapsed. Fallen parts were seriously injured by two fitter, located at the bottom. The classification of brakes applied onhoistingcars According to the design, the brakes on cargo-lifting machines are divided into belt, disk, disk and taper. Do tape brakesbraking is carried out by friction of a flexible steel tape on the surface of the brake pulley. Electromagnets or hydropushers are used as a drive. Drum brakesthey consist of two pads attached to the brake levers * which, under the action of a closing device (compressed spring; the mass of the load), are superimposed on the surface of the brake pulley. In disc brakesbraking is carried out by pressing the disks, rotating together with the shaft of the mechanism, against the fixed disks. Cone brakeson the principle of braking analogous disk. Load capacity of the crane with variable departure and its cargo characteristics Lifting capacity of cranes with variable outreach (arrowhead and tower) is determined by the cargo characteristics, which is given in the passport of the crane. Figure 2 shows the cargo characteristics of the truck crane KS-35715, which make it possible to determine the capacity of the crane, depending on the departure, the larger the reach, the smaller the load capacity. Notes. 1. With an increase in the boom length of more than 8 m, the maximum lifting capacity of the crane decreases from 15 to 12 tons or less, depending on the length of the boom, which is controlled by a load limiter.
2. During the operation of the crane with the jib, fixed on the basis of the boom in the transport position, the capacity of the crane is reduced by 0.2 tons, which is controlled by the load limiter.
3. The mass of the hook suspension (main - 0.2 tons, auxiliary - 0.05 tons) is included in the mass of the lifted load.
Figure 3 shows the high-altitude characteristics of the auto-mobile crane KS-35715, which make it possible to determine the allowable height of the load lifting depending on the departure. Slingers must know the cargo and height characteristics of the lifting machines they serve. The overlap beam weighing 12.1m, 18m long from one span of the workshop to another was moved. The works were carried out using a crawler crane DEK-251. 
At
lifting the load to a height of 8.5 m and a reach of 6.7 m, the crane carrying capacity was 10.5 tons. During lifting, the load limiter did not work because it was set to a position that did not correspond to the mode of work being performed. Permissible wind speed during crane operation The permissible wind speed for each crane is indicated in its passport. For an automobile crane KS-35715, not equipped with an anemometer, the permissible wind speed for a working condition is 14 m / s, for a non-working state of a crane, with a boom length of not more than 9 m - 40 m / s. Keeping the log of the crane operator In the logbook of the crane operator, the results of the inspection and inspection of the crane equipment must be recorded before starting work. The log is maintained regardless of the number of shifts and the type of crane. The journal records are made by persons responsible for the safe operation of cranes. It must be regularly reviewed by the engineer responsible for keeping the lifting equipment in its correct condition. Static and dynamic testing of lifting machines Periodic engineering certification working-lifting machines carried out:
- partial - at least once every 12 months. complete - at least once every 3 years, except for those rarely used, which are examined at least once every 5 years.
