Outside wiring diagram in a wooden house. Features of the power supply in a wooden house

We advise you to be wary of the Contractor's choice of work. Focus not only on the price that a potential Contractor designates, but also on his experience, and most importantly, on successfully executed Objects.

Our approximate prices for electricians, performed in wooden houses, are given below. A list of the objects in which we performed the selection and installation of systems, you can always ask our experts.

Electric wiring in a turnkey wooden house - price

	Option Economical (rub / m2)	Option Standard (rub / m2)	Option Premium (rub / m2)
Outdoor wiring	800	1 000	1 800
Hidden wiring. Channels for wiring are made	1 500	2 000	3 000
Hidden wiring. There are no channels for wiring	3 000	3 700	4 500
Retro Electrician	1 400	1 800	2 900

These prices include all equipment, materials, work and are indicative.

The key difference between the above options is the saturation of the electrical room in the house. At the same time, in any of the options, reliable equipment and materials are used, for which a guarantee is provided.

The indicated price does not include:

• Lightning protection system

• Works of general character (for example, the passage of a concrete strip foundation, the cutting of holes of large diameter, etc.)

• Cost of switches, sockets, lighting fixtures and their installation

• The device of the electrician outside the wooden house (for example, landscape illumination, an input lead-in cable to the house, etc.)

Basic requirements for the production of works

When wiring electricians in any wooden house it is necessary to observe a number of conditions. Some of these conditions are given below.

• Enter the electrical cable. Before starting the cable pulling, the hole through which it will pass must be equipped with a special metal sleeve
  

• Selection of cable products. In the production of works, it is necessary to use an electric cable that has a Certificate of Conformity and a Fire Certificate of the Ministry of Emergency Situations. The most common brands are ВВГнг and NYM. Consideration must be given to the selection of the cross-section of the electrical cable. The recommended cross-sections of cable routes, depending on the parameters of loads, are summarized in the table
  

The area of ​​the copper electrical cable (mm2)	U (mains voltage) = 220 V		U (mains voltage) = 380 V
	I (electric current), A		I (electric current), A	P (electrically safe transmitted power), kW
				10,5
				16,5
				19,8
		10,1		26,4
		15,4
		18,7		49,5
		25,3		59,4
		29,7		75,9
		38,5		95,7
		47,3		118,8
		57,2		142,2
				171,6

• Electrical switchboards. Their enclosures are subject to mandatory grounding. The material for the manufacture of shield enclosures must be metal. In the input electrical panel, it is necessary to install an RCD, a group circuit breaker, and an electricity meter. If the cottage has several floors, then it is necessary to install floorboards

• Laying of cable mains. By the way of execution, electrical wiring around the house can be: outdoor (open), combined and hidden. If the option of hidden electricians is selected, the cable inside the cottage building is only drawn in the iron pipe. Wiring options for electricians in a wooden house at a pricediffer from each other, in some cases quite strongly. This must be remembered in the process of selecting the system
  

• Earthing circuit. The presence of a ground loop is a prerequisite for buildings made of wood

• Lightning protection
  

• Qualification of the Contractor's personnel. Specialists who perform work on the Site must possess valid tolerances and other permissive documents. In addition to the increased fire danger, the work on wiring electricians in any wooden house has a nuance, connected not with the technical but with the aesthetic component

  - posting options

As it was mentioned earlier, the wiring of electric highways in any houses, including wooden ones, can be performed in several ways - an external gasket (open), which includes a special case - retro style, hidden laying and cable routing in a combined scheme. Each of these options will be briefly discussed below.

Concealed wiring

With the hidden wiring, the electricians in the house made of wood cable trunks are hidden in the building's building structures. They are not visible, they do not spoil the interior of the premises.

It must be remembered that it is forbidden to use corrugated PVC pipe as a protective jacket for the cable. The prohibition to use is due to the fact that when using it, the probability of damage to the electrical cable is significantly increased, for example, during the shrinkage of a wooden house.

In addition to providing resistance to cable damage, the metal pipe is also used to prevent the spread of ignition beyond its limits in the event of a short circuit.

The pipe is laid in special channels, their location is determined at the design or construction stage of the building itself. Then the cable is tightened into the pipe.

To make the hidden wiring of an electrician in a wooden house without channels at a price will be several times more expensive than the laying of the same system in a building with ready-made channels of sufficient diameter.

If the electrical wiring is installed in a hidden way, then the following rules are recommended:

• Laying on horizontal sections is carried out using niches above the ceilings and under the floors
  

• The ascent to the end devices is done concealed in the door jambs
  

• It is necessary to ensure the subsequent free access to junction boxes (if any)
  

• Under the installation products (switches, sockets) used metal podrozetniki

• The diameter of the pipe is selected taking into account the diameters of the cables tightened in it. When the cables are tightened in the pipe, its internal space must be less than half full

• Fastening of pipes to surfaces is carried out by collars

• The presence of sharp edges and burrs on the pipe sections is unacceptable. They can damage the cable

• The result of installing the pipes in them carefully (not allowing damage to insulation) is laid electric cable. After that, the cable is connected in the junction boxes. It is recommended to connect the conductor sections with a margin along the length

Combined wiring method

In fact, the combined method is a symbiosis between hidden and open electrical wiring and can be implemented in two different ways.

• The first option is usually, when it is undesirable to spoil the interior of the living rooms, but there is no means or possibility to perform a hidden laying of the electric cable in all rooms of the cottage. Electrical wiring combined way in the wooden house at a cost higher than wiring in boxes throughout the house. But still it is cheaper than a completely hidden electrical wiring. In this embodiment, for example, in a hall, bedroom, living room, a hidden electrical wiring is installed in the kitchen, and in the utility rooms - an open one. Another reason for choosing a combined method is the desire to create individuality and unique style of different rooms. For example, in one retro wiring "antique" (which we'll talk about below), and in another - the usual hidden electrician

Outdoor (open) and retro electrician

An open method of laying electricians is produced by a cable that is bred on top of the wooden walls of the house in special cable channels. These cable channels are made of special plastic, which does not support combustion.

The main advantages are low cost of works and materials, as well as high maintainability of the electrical system. This is due to the easy availability of the cable in the production of possible repair work.

And for the main lack of external wiring electricians in houses made of wood is its low aesthetics. Appeal to this statement can serve as the fact that modern boxes are quite aesthetic, and extremely accurately imitate woody species. With a careful execution of this type of wiring, you can achieve that the interior of the premises will suffer minimal.

An open electrician in a wooden house has a variation - this is the so-called retro style wiring. Visually, it is styled for open wiring without cable channels, often used several decades ago.

Retro electrician looks spectacular in a wooden house and with qualified performance is quite reliable.

But it must be remembered that the retro wiring has increased susceptibility to mechanical damage. This moment can be defined as its significant drawback.

If you look closely at a retro electrician and intend to breed it in a wooden house, then notice that small children and pets can easily damage it. This may cause electric shock. In this case, it is necessary to adhere to rationality and not to risk in vain.

Checking the installed electrical system

By the result of the work, before the first electrical system is turned on in the wooden house, it is necessary to check it. To do this you need:

• Make voltage measurements on various sections of the network
  

• Measure insulation resistance of electrical wiring
  

• Perform a grounding quality check (resistance measurement)
  

The results of these works are documented - acts and protocols issued by specialized electrotechnical laboratories.

Electricity has long been one of the most familiar benefits of civilization, and without it today it is difficult to imagine any house.  Electrical wiring in a wooden house made of timber is one of the obligatory types of work, but it is better to entrust the laying of wiring and the connection of electrical appliances to professionals.

Work with electricity requires special knowledge, and if they are not, then unprofessional installation can become life-threatening. It is important to strictly adhere to the rules of fire safety when building a network in the house.

The basic rules of a lining of electroconducting

Installation of electrical wiring in the house of the bar begins with the development of a detailed project:

• it is necessary to determine the way of entering the cable into the house,
• connecting it to the switchboard,
• as well as with the option of laying electric wires around the house.

Wiring can be external or internal, in both cases there are nuances.

Important! Hidden wiring in a wooden house can only be laid in metal tubes protecting the house from fire. The same metal tubes should be used where the electric cable enters the house from the street. According to the rules of fire safety, a hidden gasket in plastic corrugated tubes is inadmissible.

The external wiring is laid using plastic cable ducts. Because they are in sight, the risk of unnoticed damage is lower. Electric wiring in a timber house is carried out taking into account several important principles:

• It is necessary to calculate the load on the mains in advance. Decide what electrical appliances will be installed in the house, and where they will be located. The number of RCDs depends on the number of powerful consumers: it is desirable to provide each large device with a separate protective device.
• You need to think about the location of the sockets and switches, and it is important that one section of the network does not have too much load. This creates a risk of overheating, and as a result, the machine will fire.
• Inside the house only copper cable is laid, it is recommended to choose wires with non-flammable insulation, which when heated does not emit toxic substances. Finding the right cable products today is not difficult, and it will reduce the risk of fire.

The project of wiring the timber house is better discussed with a specialist. It is important to provide a stock: over time, the number of electricity consumers can grow, and this will lead to a constantly increased load on the network.

The sequence of electricity in a private house

Electrical installation of houses from a bar is a multi-stage process, during which one should not allow the slightest negligence. The owner of the house has to solve the following problems:

Wiring work can be delayed for a long time, if you do not involve third-party specialists. For concealed wiring, you will have to trowel the walls, this is a long, hard work. Because of its laboriousness, many homeowners prefer an open version, bringing aesthetics to the sacrifice of ease of use and laying.

Pre-drawn scheme will greatly accelerate and simplify the work of the master. We need to think over the arrangement of household appliances: most of all electricity is consumed by heaters and water-heating devices, in addition, it will be necessary to solve the issue with the type, installation and arrangement of fixtures.

It is not advisable to mount the electrical wiring independently in any case: the professional can give useful advice on the location of outlets and other electrical equipment, in addition, the work of a specialist in most firms is guaranteed. This will ensure the reliability of installation and protection of the house from fire.

It should be remembered that the integrity of the wiring is desirable to regularly monitor, and when any malfunctions appear, it is necessary to eliminate the defects as soon as possible, until they cause a disaster.

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Everyone wants his house to be comfortable. Is it possible to realize this desire in the modern world without electricity? Of course not. That is why it is so important to make a quality installation of electrical wiring in a wooden house. Doing such work is best to trust professionals, but if you decide to do this work with your own hands, then you just need a detailed guide. This is what we will set as our goal for this article.

Wiring plan

Any installation of the wiring harness should begin with a wiring diagram for your home. A similar project can be made by yourself, but if you do not have a technical education, then it is better to entrust it to professionals. The project will include: the scheme of your wiring, the calculation of the exact number of materials. The project will help you to perform the wiring correctly and in accordance with the established Gosts and Regulations. When drawing up such a scheme, it is necessary to pay special attention to the following recommendations of specialists:

We offer you an approximate plan for the wiring device, which can be seen in Fig.

After the project is completed and you have rechecked and discussed it with the rest of the family, you need to take care of the accessories for the wiring installation.

Electrical wiring accessories in a wooden house

To install the wiring, you must immediately prepare all the tools and accessories. According to the scheme you have drawn up, this will not be difficult to do, the amount of material will be calculated in the project. For wiring installation you will need:

This should all be prepared before the beginning of the work itself. It is better to buy one socket and a switch more, suddenly it turns out to be faulty already purchased, and a similar model will be difficult to find.

When all the components are ready, you can proceed to the installation of electrical wiring.

Installation of electrical wiring in a wooden house

All the installation work on laying the wiring diagram in your home can be divided into the stages of work:

1. Main cable laying.
2. Mounting of junction boxes.
3. Mounting of sockets.
4. Mounting of switches.
5. Mounting fixtures.
6. Mounting the switchboard.
7. Installation of the earthing loop.

Let's see before the installation of a thematic video:

And now consider each stage in more detail.

Cabling

The cable is wired in the premises of the wooden house in cable ducts or skirting boards. Of course, there is also a way of mounting on ceramic tanks, but we have already purchased cable channels. In the electric plinth, it is convenient to lay a cable that will go into the sockets.

On the outside of the cable channels are not installed, there all the wiring will be mounted in corrugated or copper pipes.

For internal installation, the cable must be cut into prepared parts for outlets and switches. The number of parts will be equal to the number of outlets and switches. The length of the part must be equal to the distance between the switch and the outlet. In this case, you must leave a margin of 15-20 cm.

Mount the cable channels must be strictly horizontal or vertical. To do this, you need to use the level. We lay the cable in the cable channels, but do not close it to the locks yet.

Installation of junction boxes

In all places where the main cables are fed from the main cable to switches, lights and sockets, we install junction boxes. The purpose of these distributors is to comfortably divide and disconnect the cable through the rooms. Inside the junction box of the cable can be connected in several ways:

The cost of the cost of these methods of isolation is slightly different, so it's best to choose the more convenient for you.

Mounting of sockets and switches

Sockets in a wooden house are attached directly to the walls. Under the sockets it is necessary to lay a layer of insulating material. It can be asbestos, aluminum. Mount the sockets tightly so that they do not stagger or sway.

When installing a cable with three wires into the sockets connect all three. The yellow and green wires are clamped to the grounding contact, and the remaining wires to the power contact. The connection diagram of the socket can be viewed in the figure. Where N-zero (usually blue wire), PE-ground (yellow-green), L-phase (white).

Switches are installed in the same way as the sockets. They are designed to turn on and off the lights of the upper light in a wooden house.

Mounting fixtures

Fixtures for the frequency home are important, both inside and outside.

For indoor use usually use:

• built-in lamps;
• overhead lamps;
• street.

All luminaires are connected using yellow-green wires. Directly on the luminaire design there are special contacts for such a connection. We offer you a circuit for connecting luminaires using double and single shutdown switches.

Luminaires of one group, as a rule, are mounted in parallel.

Mounting of the switchboard

How the electric switchboard will be installed will depend on the operability of the entire system. The following elements are installed in the electrical system panel:

1. Electricity meter
2. Autotuning automatic devices for consumers
3. Zero bus on the insulator
4. Grounding bus (PE)
5. Two-pole automatic device
6. Phase and zero, which connect to the upper machine.
7. The wire is connected to the PE line from the ground.
8. Counter (connection diagram is attached to each model separately)

The introductory machine should be installed, taking into account the electricity limit. It is specified in each contract between the energy company and the consumer. The cut-out controls are mounted according to the power consumption. The power of the automat 5.9kW, which is suitable for a cable with a cross section of 2.5, requires the installation of an automatic machine 25A, a power of 4.1 kW requires the installation of an automatic machine 16A.

Installation of the ground loop

In a private house, you need to ground yourself. To do this, back off from the corner of the house, dig a ditch 3 m long. The depth of such a hole should be equal to 0.5 meters. At the extreme point of the trench, three metal fittings are driven in, 2.5x16mm in size. With the help of metal wire sticks connect the reinforcement. Then this wire is carried to the wall of the house and a bolt with a diameter of 8 mm is welded. We attach the nut and washer to the PE cable. If a lightning rod is installed on the house, then it is also attached to this structure. The trench is covered with sand. On top of the natural layer of soil.

Mounting price

So the installation of the electrical wiring in your private home is over. But if you do not have a technical education, then it's best to entrust this to professionals. The cost of doing the work will depend on what firm you will be doing it. Official energy sales, will perform such work at a price of 300 rubles for each point. This means that you pay for each outlet, switch and any decoupling. Counting how many of them on the diagram, you can easily find out what the cost of posting your home. On average, from 10,000 to 30,000 rubles. All of course will depend on the area of ​​your building. Private owners take an order of magnitude less, but they are not responsible for the performance of their work. In addition to all this, you will still have a company with which you have a contract for electricity.

With electricity, as you know, jokes are bad, and even more so in a wooden house. After all, a tree is not only a fine building material, but also a combustible substance (by definition, fuel). A little sparkle of wiring - and at home as it had not happened. Meanwhile, with strict adherence to the rules of electricity and fire safety, the risk of ignition due to the fault of the power supply system is practically reduced to zero. And without any damage to comfort.

To be fair, we note that the tree is a good dielectric (in dry condition, of course), and in this capacity, in fact, works for electrical safety. Plus, let the weak, but still the consolation can serve as the fact that the massive wooden structures (log walls, beams from a massive beam) in the fire retain the bearing capacity and stability for a fairly long time (in contrast, say, from non-combustible steel elements , which when heated, almost immediately become "powerless"). Under the influence of fire, a coal-pyrolytic layer is formed on the surface of the tree. Access to oxygen is reduced, burning slows down, and in the meantime, you look, the fire brigade will arrive in time. True, you do not want to live in a charred house, but a complete restoration of the original species is almost impossible.

Switchboard in a wooden house

According to the latest instructions of the authorities, in the country houses should be installed two: one outside the house, the other - inside. The outdoor serves as a haven for the electric meter (so that the inspectors from the relevant authorities can check the indications at any time). From the external shield, the lead electrical cable is extended to the second, internal one. On its DIN-rails (profiles of the standard configuration) are mounted various electrical modules.

First comes an introductory circuit breaker  (however, he can be in the outer shield). Then, the lead wire is divided into separate lines supplying the lighting network, the outlet group, etc. Switching and protection of each trunk are provided by circuit breakers. Also, in the inner shield, there are safety shutdown devices (RCDs). To simplify the configuration of the power shield, use differential automata that perform functions. In addition to protective devices, auxiliary modules are placed in the switchboard: limit load limiting relays; Relays that monitor the quality of incoming electricity; cooling devices, etc.

In addition, experts strongly recommend installing in country houses devices to protect against impulse surges, that is, from short-term voltage surges (less than a millisecond), whose amplitude can repeatedly exceed the rated voltage in the network. Pulsed overvoltages arise due to direct or remote lightning strike, as well as due to the negative influence of powerful or specific electrical equipment (arc furnaces, welding devices, thyristor devices, etc.). Such jumps are disastrous for sensitive electronic equipment.

In wooden houses are installed hanging pylevlastagazashchennye power shields (in stone buildings and urban apartments usually use embedded models). Outside, the cabinet is installed with transparent devices assigned a restriction class (the fastest ones belong to the class "3"). In addition, the minimum current strength is taken into account in the case of a short circuit, which causes an almost instantaneous tripping of the electromagnetic release. According to this indicator, the circuit breaker receives the corresponding characteristic (B, C, D). In everyday life, devices of category C are usually used.

The residual current devices disconnect the mains from the current leakage. Such an emergency situation usually occurs due to damage to the wiring or the appliance. It is unlikely that anyone will question the need for RCDs. These devices protect the person from electric shock, and that says it all. For a wooden house, the fire protection function of the RCD takes on special significance. The fact is that a prolonged leakage of electric current causes spontaneous combustion of wood and other combustible materials. In other words, a de-energized network, the device prevents the occurrence of fire.

In country houses, a RCD with a rated operating current of 10 and 30 mA is usually used. More sensitive devices are installed on separate circuits that feed electric appliances in wet rooms. Increased control requires and wiring, laid in the attic floors and in the unexploited under-roof space. In such zones, even a small leak (imperceptible for a 30 mA RCD) under certain conditions can lead to the ignition of wooden building structures.

The selection of circuit breakers and RCDs is performed in the design of the power supply system. Circuit breakers are manufactured in a wide range of ratings, that is, the current strengths that are acceptable for a particular line. Without going into technical details, we will say that a direct relationship between power, voltage and current is used for calculation (P = U x I, where P is the power in watts, U is the voltage in volts, and I is the current in amperes). With the allocated power of 10 kW and the standard voltage in the 220 V network, we obtain an acceptable current strength of 45 A. We select the incoming automatic switch of the nearest nominal value - 40 A. The devices for individual lines are acquired based on the total load (for the lighting network) or the power of the consumer. In the outlet group, the rating of the switch depends on the cross-section of the supply line.

Creation of a power supply system for a country house  must be carried out in accordance with an electric project carried out by a specialized organization (with all licenses and powers from the energy regulatory authorities). However, the owners should not stay away from the design and configuration process. It is advisable, at least in general terms, to get into the course of the matter. It is important to clarify for yourself all the fundamental points concerning the choice of electrical safety devices, distribution power panels, electrical installation products, cable products and other materials. After all to use all this electrotechnical complex there will be house owners, instead of designers or electromakers. By the way, the owners are also responsible for the normal and safe functioning of the power supply system of a country house.

Open wiring in a wooden house

In accordance with current Russian regulations electrical wiring on the combustible base (ie wooden walls) is carried out openly. And between the wire and the wall leave an air gap. The cable when it passes through the electric current heats up, and if it is in a combustible environment, then under certain conditions, spontaneous combustion of the wall material is possible. In the event of a risk of fire caused by the wiring fault is minimized. In addition, the open cable is easier to control, repair, and, if necessary, replace. Modern wiring is usually covered with plastic cable ducts (boxes) of different colors and textures, including for various types of wood.

Concealed wiring in a wooden house

At the same time in European countries on the legal bases use the latent conducting in wooden walls. Cables are laid in flexible embedded cable ducts or corrugated pipes from self-extinguishing and non-flammable plastic. In this case, wire products are used with reliable and durable multi-layer insulation, which significantly reduces the heat release of the cable. For the device in the wooden walls, the channels are drilled.

These works are carried out in the factory during the manufacture of a housekeeper. During assembly of the building and wiring, corrugated pipes are turned into channels, and then the cable is pulled out. Further development of the internal electric network is carried out by the open method. It is almost impossible to drill channels in a finished house without serious damage to wooden walls. And one more nuance. At the time of the housekeeper's production, a detailed electrical project must be developed, which is based on the interior design project.

It would seem, what do we care about Western technology? Meanwhile, in houses made of rounded logs and glued beams of Finnish production, a hidden electrical wiring is used. The experience of foreign colleagues was also adopted by many Russian companies engaged in wooden housing construction. When asked how the concealed wiring is consistent with the current regulatory documents, it should be answered that a special permit from the fire and energy authorities was obtained for laying the cable in a hidden way.

Fire and electrical safety of a wooden house

Whether a wooden house will turn on from one spark is a moot point. In order not to test fate, it is necessary to exclude sparking in electrical installation products - outlets and switches. To solve this electrical problem, it is necessary to use high-quality products from leading manufacturers (ABB, Gira, Legrand, Schneider Electric, etc.) when organizing a power supply system for a country house. Unfortunately, electrical installation products are often purchased on a residual basis. Low prices and acceptable design - these are the main selection criteria. Fire and electrical safety are the last ones to think about. But it is these indicators that determine the quality of the electrical installation products.

In wooden houses it is not recommended to use sockets and switches, current-carrying parts of which are fixed on the mechanism of technical porcelain. Ceramics - a wonderful dielectric, does not burn and also costs less. But she has one serious drawback - fragility. Under the influence of temperature-dynamic loads (periodic heating and cooling when turning on and off the device), the porcelain mechanism is covered with cracks and may even burst. The current-carrying parts fixed on it acquire mobility. As a result, there is a leakage of contact, which in turn leads to the formation of sparks and even an arc of leakage with a characteristic bright glow.

On wooden walls, it is necessary to install sockets and switches with a mechanism made of heat-resistant plastic. Such a base takes dynamic effects well and does not deform with time.

Unfortunately, in the market there are sockets and switches made of cheap plastic. It happens that when the emergency heating from the sockets begins to drip the molten base. At the same time, products made of heat-resistant plastics (polycarbonate or polyamide) are able to withstand temperatures up to 130 ° C without changing the geometry. In addition, when choosing sockets and switches, preference should be given to products with reliable screw or spring clamps.

Power supply system of a country house and the site should be organized in accordance with the current regulatory documents, in particular, the "Rules for the installation of electrical installations", GOST R 50571.3-94 "Requirements for security. Protection against electric shock "," Recommendations for the electricity supply of individual houses, cottages, country (garden) houses and other private structures ", etc. Let's give only some provisions:

• When building an external network, the input of an electric cable to the building is from an overhead power line. Wiring in pipes in the ground is not allowed.
• The distance from the branch wires to the ground should be at least 6 m above the roadway and 3.5 m above the pedestrian areas. The smallest distance from the wires entering the house to the ground should be at least 2.75 m. The external circuits of the power grid must not cross the roadway of ownership.
• The height of the installation of switches on the wall should be taken 1.5 m from the floor, plug-in sockets - 0.8 -1.0 m from the floor. Switches and sockets used for open wiring should be installed on gaskets made of non-conductive material.

Earthing system

The construction of many private houses is conducted without the installation of an electric grid system. There is a paradoxical situation. A three-core cable is connected to all consumers inside the house, but the "PE-conductor" ("protective zeroing") included in it has no connection to the ground. But it must be connected to a grounding loop made of galvanized steel, buried in the ground near the house. The grounding system is carried out according to a special design. When developing it, take into account the properties of soils, the availability and chemical composition of groundwater, the threat of terrain and much more. By the way, a system is also connected to the earthing loop, which is also completed and installed according to a separate project.

In order not to risk life, it is necessary to use modules from leading manufacturers. With proper installation, these devices will last for half a century or more (say, ABB and Schneider Electric machines are designed for 10,000 cycles of operation at a rate of 3000 cycles). In addition, high-quality modules do not inherently mislead. If an RCD or an automaton de-energizes a network or a separate line, then there is an objective reason for this.