home Sewerage

Construction of sewerage in country houses. The device of a cesspool. External sewerage scheme

Organization of autonomous sewerage a country house along with the construction of a water main and heating system is the first task to ensure the necessary level of comfort. Of course, this problem is easier to solve if a centralized sewerage system passes near the site, but even in the absence of such a modern construction technologies allow creating a drainage line with their own hands for a very short time. About how to "from scratch" to build an autonomous sewage system, and will be discussed in this article.

Necessary materials

Elements of sewage system

For the construction of an autonomous sewage system, PVC pipes are best suited. With sufficient cheapness of these products, they have a lot of advantages, as well as a decent service life. We only note that elements are used for indoor and outdoor networks different types of. Inside the house it is sufficient to mount the system with single-layered pipes of gray color with a wall thickness of up to 2.7 mm. Recently, blue and white products with increased thickness (up to 3.2 mm) appeared on the market. Such pipes have increased sound insulation, although they have the highest cost. Nevertheless, when passing communications in places where the noise level will be uncomfortable, it is recommended to install them.

Red or "red" sewer pipes are designed for outdoor installation. They have multilayer walls 3-3.2 mm thick depending on the pipe class, as well as the porous structure of the layer. This solution allows to increase the thermal insulation characteristics of the products, which is important for the depth of stacking above the freezing level of the soil. Sewage pipes of class SN2 are used for installation depths of up to 1 m, and with a stiffness class SN4 - up to 6 m. When connecting pipes of this type are inserted into the socket to the limit, in contrast to products for internal installation, requiring a thermal gap.

For internal and external sewer pipes used pipes of different types, depending on the wall thickness, stiffness and structure of the inner layer of their walls.

In addition to pipes, it is necessary to stock up fittings, fasteners and reinforcing elements, the type and quantity of which can be easily determined by making exact drawings of the sewage system.

Installation of an inter-house sewage network

Of course, it is better to envisage internal sewerage at the design stage of construction, nevertheless, it can easily be installed during the major overhaul of the building. The system located inside the house consists of a riser, a pipe pipe and pipelines draining the wastewater from the equipment. For proper functioning of the system, it is necessary to install these elements taking into account all requirements.

Sewer riser and chimney

Scheme of sewerage distribution inside the house

As a rule, one riser of the sewerage system is installed in the house, nevertheless, in the presence of a widely branched network of linear pipelines, several such elements can be installed. When assembling the riser yourself, follow these rules:

The pipeline cross-section must ensure the normal functioning of all equipment (most often PVC pipes are used with a diameter of 110 mm).
The riser should be installed as close as possible to equipment with outlets of 110mm diameter.
The riser outlet is made with a smooth rounding, applying several 30 ° knees. This method allows you to avoid blockages on this section of the highway as much as possible.
In the middle part of the pipeline, a revision is envisaged. When building a system in a multi-storey building, several elements must be installed to clean the pipes.
The riser is installed strictly vertically, attaching a fan outlet at its top.
Installation of riser pipes starts from the lowest point. It is best if this element of the sewerage system passes in the corner of the building, where it is attached to the walls by means of special clamps. Pipes are installed with their mouths upwards, further processing the joints with sealing compounds. At the level of connecting the drain lines, fittings with taps of the appropriate diameter are installed.

To ensure that when the water is drained in the pipes there is no vacuum, the upper part of the riser is equipped with a fan tube. The second end is taken to the attic or above the roof of the building. At the same time, it is not allowed to install a fan outlet closer than 4 m from the windows or balconies that are opened, as well as alignment with the ventilation system of the building. In the case where the output of the fan pipe outside the premises is not possible, a vent valve is installed on its edge.

Fan Pipe Outlet

Requirements for outlets

The next step in the construction of an autonomous sewage system is the layout of the outlets. To do this, select the pipe diameter, which corresponds to the output of the connected equipment. Typically, linear pipelines lead by means of products with a diameter of 50 mm. Do not forget the installation rules of the discharge pipelines:

Connections to the riser are performed with the help of skew tees 110/110 / 50mm or 110/110 / 110mm. The latter are used for the installation of bidets and toilets.
The slope towards the riser should be at least 2-3 cm per running meter of the pipe.
With a retraction length of more than 10 m, a second central element of the system is installed.
In places where the pipeline passes through walls, a so-called pencil case of a thicker pipe is installed in them. To avoid damage, the discharge line is wrapped with a layer of thermal insulation or a dense fabric. Please note that joints of pipes in such places are not allowed.
All turns must be equipped with revision fittings.

When connecting equipment to the outlets, do not forget to equip all points with hydraulic shutters in the form of knees or siphons.

Installation of sewerage is best done during the construction of the house

External sewerage scheme

The external sewerage network consists of a discharge pipeline and a sewage well. In the role of the latter can act as a septic tank, and an ordinary cesspool.

As in the case of internal sewerage, work begins with measurements and drawing up a diagram with detailed indication of the distances and the number of all elements of the system. It is best to draw a communication plan on a scale. When drafting a project, it is necessary to observe not only the requirements of SNiP, but also health standards. According to them, the location of the unsealed sewage collector (filtration well) must be at least 25 m from the well or well. In addition, with a pipeline length of more than 10 m, it is necessary to provide a revision well.

Arrangement of sewer

Sewage well

As an element of waste water collection, both the factory-made septic tank and sewage well, built by hand. With a deep occurrence of groundwater, it is possible to use the structures of the filtration type. Usually the bottom of these wells is covered with crushed stone or broken brick as a drainage layer (at least 40-50 cm). The walls can be made of different materials - concrete rings, brickwork, plastic or metal containers. Not bad filtration structures are obtained from automobile tires of large diameter. As a rule, it is necessary to pump out waste from such wells no more than once a year.

At a high level of groundwater, the sewage well must be of a sealed type. It is best to use concrete rings or a factory plastic container for its construction, but in this case it will be much more likely to cause a sewage machine.

An excellent way out of the situation is to install a septic tank. In such a construction, household waste quickly decays. Water settles and leaves outside the site or in the ground, besides it can be used again - for irrigation of the garden. At the same time, the suction pump is rarely used to pump sludge.

Installation of external pipeline

Contrary to popular belief that the external pipeline can be conducted above the freezing level of the soil, try to lower it below this point. This will avoid not only the freezing of waste water on the walls of the pipeline, but also will not allow mechanical deformation of the pipes due to possible seasonal displacement of the soil. For the same purpose, it is recommended to use a pipe with a diameter of at least 110 mm. Construction of the pipeline is carried out in stages.

Autonomous system of canalization of a country house

In cities, towns and other populated areas, where there is centralized system drainage, all care for its maintenance is with the relevant organizations.

And those who do not have such a system, you have to think about an independent device in. How to do it right, without harming people or nature? Let's look at all the steps of creating such an autonomous system.

Projects, schemes, calculations

Autonomous sewage system, the device of which is not particularly complicated, can be installed in any conditions, but subject to certain rules and requirements. It is unlikely that anyone will dare to begin construction without preliminary calculations, schemes and drawings. After all, they allow you to plan construction costs, calculate required amount materials and evaluate the scope of forthcoming works.

But in order to make all the calculations correctly, you must first perform several preparatory actions:

Conduct a geodetic survey of the terrain to determine its terrain. This will allow to identify natural biases and take them into account when choosing the location of the main elements of the system and external highways.
Take samples of soil. On them it will be possible to determine the composition and structure of the soil and subsoil layers, as well as the proximity and composition of groundwater. These data will be required for the selection of the wastewater treatment system.
Draw up a draft, diagram and floor plan of the house to properly place the plumbing equipment and internal pipelines.

This small list of actions will help plan effective system. A pre-designed scheme of canalization of a country house will save time, effort and money during installation.

Parts of the system

The device of the sewerage of the wooden house

Any sewer can be divided into three main parts:

Inner.
Outdoor.
Cleaning system.

The interior is the most saturated, voluminous and complex in performance. The outer, perhaps, the simplest, because often it consists of only one trunk pipe. The purification system is made in the form of a tank - a septic tank, where waste water is purified from various impurities.

Installation of highways and equipment

Sewage can not be attributed to particularly complex systems, but its installation must be carried out in strict accordance with the technological and sanitary rules and regulations. Knowing and observing them, you can do it yourself.

Installation of sewerage with plastic pipes

The internal part of the system consists exclusively of highways, for the laying of which use special sewer pipes. Materials for their manufacture are plastic or cast iron. They are not subject to corrosion and are well suited for any water channels. But the use of cast iron is gradually reduced, and it is replaced by plastic products.

Plastic pipes are much lighter than cast iron. In addition, they are easier, faster and more reliable mounted.

For the simplicity of selection of sewer pipes, their uniform sizes have been adopted:

The diameter of 50 mm - for connecting plumbing fixtures - sinks, baths, drains from household electric machines connected to the water supply.
The diameter of 110 mm - for connecting plumbing with a large consumption of water, for example, a toilet, as well as for laying vertical risers and horizontal highways. Pipes of this diameter can be used for outdoor ducts from sauna, bath, shower. That is, where there is a small amount of effluent.
The diameter of 160 mm - for laying vertical risers and horizontal highways, including outdoor ones.
The diameter of 200 mm - for carrying out the external mains of systems with a large volume of effluents.

In general, the sewerage system of the house is a network of horizontal and vertical channels. On the one hand, horizontal channels are connected to plums from plumbing devices, and on the other hand to vertical channels or risers. Vertical risers, in turn, at the lowest level pass into a horizontal channel connected to the external sewage system.

For the normal functioning of the system, it is necessary to take into account that the drains are transported along the mains exclusively by gravity. Therefore, horizontal sections must necessarily have a slope towards the outside of the sewer and the cleaning system. The amount of slope depends on the diameter of the pipes and makes up for internal roads with a diameter of 50 mm and 110 mm - 2 and 3 cm per 1 meter of length, respectively.

Installation of external lines

Plastic pipes for sewerage

For laying the outer pipeline, pipes 160 mm in diameter and 200 mm in diameter are used. Their biases should be 0.008 and 0.007, respectively.

The depth of the trench must be no less than the depth of freezing of the soil for a given region. This value can be found in special tables.

If, for some reason, you can not keep the given depth, then you need to insulate the mains. You can do it with the help of special materials and technologies or find another method, but you can not allow channels to freeze in any case.

Collective sewage treatment networks are not available to everyone, therefore, in country houses, individual cleaning devices are usually installed. These include waste pits and septic tanks.

The drain pit is difficult to call a cleaning device, because the feces are simply taken out of it to the treatment plant. But in septic tanks, the sewage is, in fact, cleared, so we will consider these devices in more detail.

What is a septic tank? This is a container specifically designed for wastewater treatment. It is located horizontally and has one or more chambers, passing through which, the effluent is gradually cleared. It is not difficult to guess that the more in the septic chamber, the better the cleaning. This is especially important when using a septic tank in combination with soil after-treatment directly at the site of its installation, that is, on a site near the house.

Autonomous sewerage system for a private house

SNiP regulates the use of septic tanks depending on the daily volume of sewage. So with a daily drainage of 1 m. Cube one-chamber septic tanks can be used, with 10 m3 of cube. two-chamber, and at more than 10 m. cube devices having three chambers.

In the first section, immediately after the discharge of effluents to the septic tank, a separation of coarse heavy particles occurs, which settle to the bottom. In the second complex chemical compounds break down into simpler ones. In the third, a gravitational post-cleaning takes place, and small impurities are deposited. Each section is separated from others by a water lock, or a hydraulic shutter, preventing the flow of water.

In addition to the sections in the septic tank, there are openings for the supply of drains, drainage of treated sewage for soil aftertreatment and technological openings that are hermetically sealed.

Some conclusions

With all this said, it becomes clear that the device out-of-town sewerage - a simple but time consuming process. Although with full compliance with technological requirements and installation rules, the resulting system will serve for a long time, and with proper maintenance it will not cause trouble and trouble.

The rules for installing an autonomous sewer in a private home can not be changed for the simple reason that in this case the sewerage system will not work. Therefore, further we will consider how the sewer system of a private country house, cottage, dacha is arranged.

Construction of sewage pipes

Any sewage starts with pipes coming from the bathroom, toilet, sink, washbasin (and also the pool). Consider its device (order of location and connection of sewer pipes):

Pipes connected directly to the plumbing (sanitary equipment). As a rule, they go under the floor. The diameter of such pipes is 5 cm.
To the previous pipes are connected "knee" (pipes with a smooth bend angle of 45-90 degrees).
The knees are connected to a pipe 10-11 cm in diameter going to the external sewage pipe by means of adapters (adapters are pipes that have, on the one hand, a pipe tip with a diameter of 5 cm and on the other hand for pipes with a diameter of 10-11 cm).
The pipe with a diameter of 10-11 cm goes to the outside, connecting along the way with the other adapters from other sanitary devices.
After each bending of the pipe (adapter or knee) it is desirable to install a tee (a pipe that has a third outlet with a lid) in order to check and clean the channel with a blockage.
Before exiting, the last internal sewer pipe is connected to the external sewage pipe.
Outside sewage pipe goes to the septic at a depth below freezing of the soil (about 1.5 meters) and at an inclination with the calculation of 2 cm per 1 meter of length (for example, at a length of 5 m, the slope will make a difference of 10 cm between the starting point and the final one). In cold areas, the external sewage pipe must be insulated.
From the septic tank there is the last pipe to the filtering well.

In places of complex joints (for example, when several pipes from different places of the house are joined to one), crimp clamps must be installed to reduce vibration and strengthen the rigidity of the structure.

If you have a two- or three-story cottage, and there are plumbing on different floors, then along one wall there should be a riser (vertical pipe), to which the others will be connected. Moreover, the pipes from plumbing should go above the floor (not under the ceiling the same).

The stoak will also be the ventilation of your sewer, so from the house it goes to the very surface of the roof and a little higher. It is also advisable to install a small ventilation from the septic tank or filter well.

The riser itself must be attached to the wall by fixing clamps (on each floor at the top and bottom). In the intersections with overlapping, the riser should be wrapped in a soft thermal insulation and waterproofing so that it does not stagger, and the insulation materials do not fall out.

Installation of a sewer in a private house

The septic tank is constructed as follows:

First, the septic tank is closed structure. But it can be with a hatch for cleaning.
Typically, self-made septic tanks consist of concrete rings, quarry stone or brickwork. Purchased (ready) septic tanks are plastic.
Outside the septic tank is well insulated from the water, laying under the bottom and along the walls clay about 20 cm thick.
The joint of concrete rings should be smeared with resin.
In a septic tank, waste waste decomposes naturally from anaerobic bacteria, leaving a bit of silt at the bottom.
After the accumulation of waste water, it passes into the filtering well.

Ready-made septic tanks have different waste treatment systems. We will write about them in the following articles.

The distance from the septic tank to the house can be 5-20 m.

The device of a filtering well

Self-made filtering wells also consist of concrete rings, quarry stone or brickwork. Only they do not have a bottom, instead of it a crushed stone pillow. Through it, the filtered water seeps into the soil. In the well it is also desirable to make a hatch to check if it is clogging. If it does not clog, then the cleaning system works fine. That's the whole device of the filtering well of the sewage system.

Average dimensions of the filtering well: depth - 2-3 m; diameter or width - 1,5-2 m; the depth of the cushion of crushed stone or gravel is 0.5-1 m.

The device of a cesspool

The simplest sump for sewage is a cesspool. In fact, it is the same well (and with the same dimensions). The pit is not cleaned naturally, so when filling the tank with 2/3 of the depth, you need to call a sewer machine to pump out the contents.

To fill the cesspool more slowly, you need to order pipes with small holes. Through them, the liquid will slowly infiltrate into the soil, slowing the filling of the container.

To ensure that the dacha is in no way inferior to a city apartment in terms of comfort, a minimum set of engineering communications, one of which is the sewage system. The latter can be equipped with our own hands.

Individual sewerage system can be equipped only if there is a central water supply. In the absence of such, it is better to dig a cesspool and put a country toilet.

If the plot is connected to a water pipe, then in the house it is possible to equip all the amenities - a sink, shower and toilet. Sewage from these appliances must be taken out of the house. To this end, you can put a drive that will be periodically cleaned by a sewage machine, or a septic tank - a special cleaning device that ensures the reuse of wastewater. Moreover, a stormwater can be connected to the main canal, which will accumulate and remove atmospheric precipitation and water formed during the melting of snow.

It turns out that the canalization in the dacha with their own hands should include:

sanitary equipment;
internal sewerage, which combines sewage from all appliances;
external drainage for drainage;
cleaning device.

Step 1. Project

First, a draft is made. Drawing can be done on plain millimeter paper, but it's better to use a special utility - it's faster and more convenient. The project specifies the location of the plumbing equipment, pipelines and treatment plant.

Note! Often, a sewage treatment plant is sufficient for one cleaning device and one outlet pipe.

In advance, I can connect other buildings to the system - for example, baths. When calculating the dimensions sewage network first of all, the number of tenants is taken into account. It is generally accepted that approximately 200 liters of waste per day are generated from an average person.

In addition, climatic features are taken into account. If we are talking about the northern regions of the country, then the outflow pipe is laid below the freezing line of the soil or is insulated. Otherwise, there is a risk of freezing the system in the winter.

Stage 2. Location of sewage elements

To the location of the elements of the network, in particular those on the street, should be treated with all responsibility.

First of all, the terrain is taken into account. Usually, suburban areas are equipped with a non-pressure drainage system, in which the wastewater is delivered to the site of utilization in a natural way. In such cases, the pipes are laid under a certain slope (of the order of 5 cm per running meter) to avoid stagnation of the drains.

Equally important are the sanitary norms. According to them, installation of treatment facilities near wells, wells and other sources of water is unacceptable.

Also, when choosing the installation site, the possibility of an unobstructed entrance of a sewage machine is checked.

Step 3. Cleaning device

The ideal option for a suburban area is a septic tank - an improved analog cesspool, requiring minimum costs and effort during operation. Moreover, if you install a multi-chamber septic tank, then the treated effluent can be reused, say, for watering a garden or a garden.

There are a large number of models of septic tanks, produced both by domestic and foreign firms. Each has its own strengths and weaknesses. Most of all for a summer cottage are suitable septic tanks "Rostok Dachniy" (cost - about 29 thousand rubles) or "Microbe-600" (designed for three or four people, the cost is 15 thousand). But with an insignificant volume of the system, it is more expedient to construct a septic tank independently.

Note! In spite of being a self-made septic tank or a factory septic tank, the general installation rules are unchanged.

How does the septic tank work?

The septic can be constructed both from finished parts and from scratch, but in any case, competent installation provides at least a minimum knowledge of the principle of the device.

A septic tank is two (less often - three) tanks, connected by the bypass throats. The volume of the first container is larger, if compared with the rest. There are discharges drained from the internal network. It is characteristic that the liquid is in each of the containers for a certain time, during which time it is gradually cleared.

During the filtration, the gases dissolved in the liquid are raised and discharged to the outside, while the solid particles settle to the bottom and form the so-called active sludge. In this mud there live anaerobic bacteria, which split organic substances into separate chemical elements and do not need oxygen.

In the upper part of the first container a pipe is installed, by means of which the purified effluents are poured into the second one.

The cleaning procedure is repeated two to three times, then the liquid enters the last tank, where a sand-stone filter cushion is installed. Through this "pillow" liquid enters the soil.

Note! To output filtered effluents into the ground, a special drainage system can also be used.

Construction of a septic tank

If planned independent manufacture septic tank, then we advise you to make a choice in favor of a capital concrete structure. Below is a sequence of actions.

Step 1. First, the required storage capacity of the device is determined. Ideally, it should equal the 3-day volume of sewage of all the tenants of the house. Thus, if three people live in the house, then the storage capacity should be 1.8 cubic meters.

Note! The septic tank is installed no closer than fifteen meters from residential buildings.

Step 3. The bottom is covered by a 20-centimeter sand pillow.

Step 4. Formwork is formed. The boards or chipboard sheets are reliably strengthened, since the weight of the structure will be impressive. In the formwork a bypass hole is made, for which a small tube of metal or plastic is inserted between the walls.

Step 5. A reinforcing skeleton is formed from the iron reinforcement. Crossed rods are connected by steel wire. It is important that no element of the reinforcement should go beyond the boundaries of the future design.

Step 6. The formwork is poured with concrete mortar, and this must be done in one run. In the process of pouring the solution is processed by a vibrator, this is necessary in order to fill the entire volume, which is limited by the formwork, and remove air bubbles.

Step 7. Overlapping is formed from boards and metal corners stacked in parallel. Overlying the laid elements is a polyethylene film. Further, the metal mesh is reinforced. When the base is prepared, a layer of concrete is poured. Also, the overlap can be formed from finished reinforced concrete slabs laid on the walls of the septic tank with a gap of up to 2 cm.

Step 8. The pit is filled with sand and soil layer by layer. On the surface there are only vent pipes (height above the ground surface up to 1.2 cm) and covers protecting the neck of the septic chamber.

On the finished concrete neck, it is necessary to put on a plastic cover

As noted earlier, in most cases pipes on country plots are laid for gravity flow of sewage. Therefore, the installation is carried out with a slight inclination towards the treatment plant.

Ideally, the pipeline should be flat and not have bends. If this is not possible, at the corners, inspection wells are installed, through which possible malfunctions will be eliminated.

Note! When installing external sewage, both plastic and cast iron pipes can be used. The main thing is that they are connected together tightly.

Pipes should lie below the freezing line of the soil. But if there is a permanent bias, then such a deepening may not be required. All is explained quite simply: the wastewater has a plus temperature and does not stagnate, therefore, do not freeze in winter. Nevertheless, with shallow laying, the pipeline needs thermal insulation.

Also, the pipes are protected from possible displacements of the ground - they are surrounded in a trench by a 15-centimeter sand pillow.

Step 5. Internal sewerage

Note! In addition to the peat mixture, special bioactivators are added to the construction, accelerating the composting process. The packaging of the activator at 30 g costs about 350 rubles.

Despite the plastic housing, the bio-toilet is strong enough to withstand a weight of up to 250 kg. It is worth noting that there are electric models of such toilets - they are no less effective peat, but also cost accordingly. In addition, they need to be connected to an uninterruptible power supply.

Video - Dry closet for summer residence

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The principle of operation is based on the division of the station into four chambers, in each of which a certain stage of purification takes place. The system consists of the following chambers:

1st chamber - upholding of coarse fraction;
The 2nd chamber is an aerotank chamber where water is purified by living bacteria and aeration;
The third chamber is a settling tank for sludge settling;
4-th chamber - practically purified water gets into it.

Today, increasingly, as a a country house ready-made biological treatment stations are used.

Internal sewerage system

In general, the sewerage in the cottage consists of an internal riser pipe through which the sewage passes, an external pipeline through which the waste enters the sump.

For the device of the canalization of a country house the following materials and tools will be required:

pipes;
taps, the diameter of which should fit under the pipes;
tees for branching the system;
adapters or reducers for joining different pipes;
fixings for fixing pipes;
silicone sealant for sealing joints.

For sewerage in a country house it is better to use plastic or metal-plastic pipes. When selecting pipes it is necessary to take into account that a riser requires a product with a large diameter. In this case, the pipe must be securely fixed and fixed. When installing it, you must immediately provide a place and install tees or reducers in the places of branching to the toilet, bath and sinks. All sealing compounds must be treated with a sealant.

When installing pipes emanating from toilets and shells, it is necessary to provide a slight bias towards the riser. The insertion into the riser is best done at an angle of 45 degrees, not 90 degrees. This will significantly reduce the risk of a pipe break in the event of a water hammer. To clean the riser, you must provide a pair of inspection couplings.

The device of external water drain

Laying of the external pipeline is carried out from the settling tank towards the inner riser. Pipes must be laid underground under a slight slope (approximately 3-4 degrees). In this case, they must be insulated to prevent the possibility of freezing. The following layers can serve as an excellent thermal insulation: first the pipe is wrapped with a polyethylene foam heater, and then everything is placed in an asbestos-cement pipe. When installing a country house sewer, it is necessary to exclude the formation of bends and try to make as few turns as possible. This is due to the fact that in such places clogs are formed.

It is necessary to provide a drainage system. It promotes the protection of structures, paths, adjoining territories and plants from excessive moisture. The drainage system may be open or closed type. In the first case, it is necessary first to dig out small ditches that lead to the place of the water intake (lake, river, etc.). Then they are covered with gravel or small stones.

In the second case, it is necessary to dig deep trenches, lay drainpipes on the bottom, which in the future are filled with gravel or small stone. It also provides drainage of rain and groundwater, as well as sewage in the event of an unforeseen breakdown of sewerage in a country house.