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What is the field of Mars in ancient times? Universal additional practical explanatory dictionary and. Mostitsky what is the field of Mars, what does it mean and how to spell it correctly. Transformation from meadow to square

Campus Marzio (Campo Marzio) is a lowland in a bend with an area of 250 hectares, between the Quirinal, Pincio and Capitoline Hills, intended for gymnastics and military exercises. The center of the field, where the altar to Mars was built, subsequently remained free, was named Campo and was also turned into a war memorial, and the rest of the space was built up.

The history of the Campus Martius is closely connected with the military glory of Rome. In ancient times, there was a campus (Campo) here - barracks and other buildings for the needs of a large army: hospitals, an arsenal, training fields. In the center stood a sculpture of Mars, as if observing the events, the god of war and patron of all Ancient Rome, and an altar.

After the expulsion of the Tarquins (5th century BC), the status of the field changed. Now it was a place of public meetings, military parades and sports competitions, and every year Equiria was celebrated, accompanied by horse races. On the vast territory, everyone could find entertainment for themselves.

First buildings

Villa Publica

The first public building on the Champ de Mars is considered to be the Villa Publica. The structure, which dates back to 435 BC, was essentially 300 m of cleared space enclosed by a small portico. This place was used for regular (every 5 years) gathering of Roman citizens for political purposes.

During the Punic Wars in the 3rd century BC. numerous battles were fought outside Rome and its environs. However, wealthy commanders returning from campaigns considered it their duty to honor the memory of the dead and give glory to their gods. Thus, Campo Marzio was built up with various temples and tombs .

Circus Flaminius

In 221 BC, the consul Flaminius built a circus in the southern part of Campo Marzio for horse racing and the Plebeian Games. A path was laid to the circus that connected the gate del Popolo and the crossing of the Tiber - the Flaminian Way (Via Flaminia). The Circus of Flaminius has not survived to this day.

Torre Argentina Square

During the Republic, a space called Area Sacra (Latin: Holy Land) was formed on the territory of the Campus Martius. This name is more than justified, because on a relatively small plot of capital land, 4 impressive buildings were built: the Hall of 100 Columns (Hecatostylum), the Baths of Agrippa, the Theater of Pompey, and the Circus of Flaminius.

Archaeological excavations, which revealed the remains of ancient temples and public institutions, began in the 20th century and continue to this day. The main decoration of historical monuments today are four-legged fluffies. And it itself is better known as a place where cats live.

Temples

Temple of Bellona

The Temple of Bellona, the patroness of the defenders of the Motherland, was built in 295 BC. Appius Claudius Caecus (lat. Appius Claudius Caecus) in honor of the victory of the Romans over the Etruscans. The sanctuary of the warrior goddess was located on the Campus Martius nearby (Teatro di Marcello). Political meetings took place in the temple, receptions took place in honor of foreign ambassadors, but at the moment the temple is ruins.

Temple of Hercules (lat. Ercole Oleario)

The Temple of Hercules was built around 120 BC. on the hilly bank of the Tiber, called at that time the Bull Forum (Foro Boario). The round rotunda, completely surrounded by columns, is the oldest marble building in Rome, still pleasing the eye of modern tourists. There is an assumption that the temple was built with money from an olive oil merchant, as evidenced by the inscription on one of the statues in the sanctuary. Located on the square opposite (Piazza della Bocca della Verita).

Pantheon

In 27 AD e. Marcus Agrippa built the first - the temple of all the gods, which burned down half a century later, and the most ancient public baths - the baths.

The Pantheon, created by Agrippa, was a building surrounded by a portico made of huge granite columns of the Corinthian order. The very first version of the great temple did not remain recorded even in ancient manuscripts. It is only known that the modern Pantheon is located in exactly the same place in the Circus of Flaminius as its predecessor.

The current Pantheon was rebuilt in 126 AD. Emperor Hadrian. The temple is equipped with several rows of columns, topped by a triangular cross beam. The main part of the temple is hidden under a round dome, in the center of which there is a round window - Oculus (from Latin “eye”).

A unique feature: the height to the Eye and the diameter of the dome have the same value - 43.3 m. There is also an interesting connection of the Oculus to the Vernal Equinox and to April 21!

Temple of the Divine Hadrian (lat. Templum Divi Hadriani)

The Temple of Hadrian was erected in 145 AD. a descendant of the emperor, Anthony Pius (lat. Antoninus Pius). The structure was made in a luxurious style: two rows of 13 marble columns were built on a rectangular podium, which supported a richly decorated roof. A wide staircase lined with marble slabs and carved reliefs led to the temple.

Unfortunately, only 11 columns and part of the wall of the sanctuary “survived” to the present day. The remains of the temple became part of the Roman customs building, and later the stock exchange, built at the end of the 19th century. Address of the Temple of Hadrian: Piazza di Pietra.

Theaters

Military leader Lucius Cornelius Sulla (lat. Lucius Cornelius Sulla) in the 2nd century. BC. gave the Campus Martius popularity among the Roman nobility. Tenement houses, called insulas, began to be built, and public buildings were erected. The once abandoned territory began to be actively built up with houses, porticoes, palaces, and theaters.

Theater of Pompey (lat. Theatrum Pompeium)

Gnaeus Pompey 52 BC began the construction of a huge stone theater for 27 thousand spectators, the amphitheater of which had a diameter of 158 meters. A grandiose public institution is the Theater of Pompey, the first theater made of stone. The huge entertainment complex, decorated with fountains and a garden, also included a curia where Senate meetings were held.

During the Ides of March 44 BC. great (Gaius Iulius Caesar) within the walls of the Senate Theater of Pompeii.

Theater of Marcellus (lat. Theatrum Marcelli)

The Theater of Marcellus is an ancient institution intended for holding open-air performances. The site for the drama theater was chosen by Julius Caesar himself; most of the construction work was carried out by his successor, Emperor Augustus. The theater was named in honor of Augustus’s nephew, Marcus Marcellus, who died in his early youth.

The establishment, which at its best could accommodate about 20 thousand spectators, has been well preserved since the times of Ancient Rome. Sometimes small summer concerts take place at the Theater of Marcellus.

Buildings from the imperial period

Septa Julia

During the reign of the Emperor on the Champ de Mars a place for voting for the inhabitants of Rome was built- Saepta Julia. The extensive structure (300 x 95 m) served the needs of Roman rulers for a long time, until in the 3rd century. AD did not fall into complete decline. However, part of the wall of Septa Julius can be seen next to the Pantheon.

Portico of Octavia (lat. Porticus Octaviae)

Not far from the Theater of Marcellus and the Circus of Flaminius are the ruins of a portico erected in honor of the sister of Emperor Augustus, Octavia Minor. The building was created around 27 BC, but at the dawn of the Christian era, the building, lined with expensive marble, was burned twice. In the past, works of art such as Pliny's Natural History could be seen within the walls of the Octavian portico. After significant upheaval, the building was used as a fish market and then fell into disrepair.

Altar of Peace (Ara Pacis)

In 13 BC. The Roman Senate presented Emperor Augustus with a gift - the Altar of Peace monument, named after the goddess of peace Pax.

A huge open altar, exquisitely decorated with carved slabs, was installed on the Campus Martius in the western part of the Flaminius Dry. For a long time, the monument, erected in honor of the imperial victories, was considered lost, until some of its parts were brought to light in the 16th century.

In the 19th century, in-depth excavations made it possible to restore most of the monument. It was only in 1938 that the sacred Altar of Peace was rebuilt under the leadership of Benito Mussolini opposite the Mausoleum of Augustus. Now a structure has been installed over the ancient monument to protect it from the vicissitudes of nature.

Mausoleum of Augustus

The Mausoleum of Augustus is a tomb built by the emperor in 28 BC. The tomb consists of several concentric rings of brick and earth stacked on top of each other. In the past, the roof of the mausoleum was crowned with an equestrian statue of Augustus, which has not survived.

The tomb contained the remains of the emperor’s relatives and heirs: sister, son-in-law, adopted son, Augustus himself, his wife Livia and many others.

The Mausoleum of Augustus was repeatedly looted; restoration work was carried out only under Mussolini. However, at the moment there is no access inside the monument; tourists have to admire its decadent beauty from the outside. Currently, the monument is located on the banks of the Tiber near Piazza Augusto Imperatore.

Domiziano Stadium

After a fire in 64 AD, Emperor Domitian had to rebuild many of Rome's public places. In particular, the current(Piazza Navona), was once a stadium on the Champs de Mars, where all the major sporting and social events of the capital took place.

Column of Marco Aurelius

The 30-meter column was erected at the end of the Marcomannic War (166-180 AD) between Rome and the Germanic tribes. The marble pillar is densely decorated with battle scenes that glorify the valor of the emperor and military leader Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, as well as his army.

In the original, a statue of the emperor was installed on top of the column, which was replaced in the Middle Ages by a sculpture of the Apostle Paul. The pillar is well preserved and can be viewed in the Piazza Colonna.

Modern days

The modern Campus Martius is part of the historical center, one of 22 districts in Rome that has preserved its historical layout and buildings. In the center is the Champ de Mars, an undeveloped square that still preserves the memory of the military glory of our ancestors.

Subsequently, Campo Marzio changed its appearance many times, but could not return its former splendor. Having turned into an ordinary residential area in Rome, the Campus Martius was built up with apartment buildings, which inevitably led to the destruction of ancient monuments. The ancient temples were replaced by palaces of wealthy citizens: Borghese, Firenze, Ruspoli and many others.

How to get there

You can get to the Campus de Mars square (Piazza in Campo Marzio) from the nearest Barberini station, moving along Via del Tritone.

If you are already in the city area of the Campo Marzio, then you can walk to the desired place from the Pantheon, from Piazza Venecia, from Torre Argentina, and from many other attractions.

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FIELD OF MARS

(Campus Martius). An open place outside the walls of Rome where military and gymnastic exercises of Roman youths took place and where the Roman people gathered to elect officials.

A brief dictionary of mythology and antiquities. 2012

First buildings

Villa Publica

The first public building on the Champ de Mars is considered to be the Villa Publica. The structure, which appeared in 435 BC, was essentially 300 meters of cleared space, surrounded by a small portico. This place was used for systematic (every five years) collection for political purposes.

During the Punic Wars in the third century BC, many battles were fought outside of Rome and its environs. But the rich commanders who returned from campaigns recognized it as their duty to honor the memory of those who fell in battle and bring glory to their gods. And so, the Field of Mars turned out to be built up with various temples and tombs.

Circus Flaminius

In 221 BC, the consul Flaminius built a circus in the southern part of the Campus Martius in Rome for horse racing and the Plebeian Games. A path was built to the circus that combined the gate del Popolo and the crossing of the Tiber - Via Flaminia. To this day, the Circus Flaminius has not survived.

Torre Argentina Square

During the days of the Republic, a space called Area Sacra (from Latin - “Holy Land”) appeared on the territory of the Campus Martius in Rome. This name is more than justified, since four solid structures were erected on a relatively small plot of land in the capital: the Hall of 100 Columns (Hecatostylum), the Baths of Agrippa, the Theater of Pompey, and the Circus of Flaminius.

Campus Martius in Rome: Torre Argentina Square

Archaeological excavations, which made it possible to find the ruins of ancient temples and public institutions, began in the 20th century and are currently ongoing. The main decoration of historical monuments now are four-legged furry animals. And Tore Argentina Square itself has become more famous as a place where cats live.

Campus Martius in Rome: temples

Temple of Bellona

The Temple of Bellona, the patroness of the defenders of the Motherland, was built in 295 BC by Appius Claudius Caecus (from the Latin Appius Claudius Caecus) in honor of the victory of the Romans over the Etruscans. The sanctuary of the warrior goddess was located on Mars in Rome, not far from the Theater of Marcellus (Teatro di Marcello). Political meetings were held in the temple, there were receptions in honor of foreign ambassadors, but at the moment the temple is ruins.

Temple of Hercules (lat. Ercole Oleario)

The Temple of Hercules was built around 120 BC on the hilly bank of the Tiber, called at that time the Forum of the Boar (Foro Boario). The round rotunda, entirely framed by columns, is the most ancient marble structure in Rome, still pleasing the eyes of modern travelers. There is a theory that the temple was built at the expense of an olive oil merchant, as evidenced by the inscription on one of the statues in the sanctuary. Located on the square opposite the Mouth of Truth (Piazza della Bocca della Verita).

Pantheon

In 27 AD, Marcus Agrippa built the first Pantheon - the temple of all gods, which died in a fire 50 years later, and the most ancient public baths - the baths.

The Pantheon, erected by Agrippa, was a structure framed by a portico made of huge granite columns of the Corinthian order. The very first version of the grandiose temple did not remain depicted in ancient manuscripts. It is only known that today's Pantheon is located on exactly the same territory in the Circus of Flaminius as its predecessor.

The modern Pantheon was built in 126 AD by Emperor Hadrian. The temple has several rows of columns topped by a triangular cross beam. The main part of the temple is covered under a round dome, in the center of which there is a round window - Oculus (from Latin “eye”).

Exclusive feature: the height to the Eye and the diameter of the dome are the same - 43.3 meters. There is also an interesting connection between the Oculus and the Vernal Equinox and the Birthday of Rome on April 21!

Temple of the Divine Hadrian (lat. Templum Divi Hadriani)

The Temple of Hadrian was built in 145 AD by a descendant of the emperor, Antony Pius (from Latin - Antoninus Pius). The construction was executed in a chic style: two rows of thirteen marble columns were erected on a rectangular podium, which supported a luxuriously decorated roof. A wide staircase, decorated with slabs of marble and carved reliefs, led to the temple.

Alas, only eleven columns and part of the wall of the sanctuary have “reached” to this day. The remains of the temple were converted into part of the Roman customs building, and later - the stock exchange, erected at the end of the nineteenth century.

Campus Martius in Rome: Temple of Divine Hadrian

Address of the Temple of Hadrian: Piazza di Pietra.

Theaters

The military leader Lucius Cornelius Sulla in the 2nd century BC endowed the Campus Martius in Rome with popularity among Roman aristocrats. They began to build apartment buildings, called insulas, and began to erect public buildings. At one time, the desolate territory began to be dynamically built up with houses, porticos, palaces, and theaters.

Theater of Pompey (lat. Theatrum Pompeium)

Gnaeus Pompey in 52 BC began the construction of a huge theater made of stone for 27 thousand people, the amphitheater of which was 158 m in diameter. A monumental public institution is the Theater of Pompey, the first theater made of stone. The huge entertainment complex, decorated with fountains and a garden, also contained a curia where Senate meetings were held.

During the Ides of March in 44 BC, the great Gaius Julius Caesar was killed within the walls of the Senate Theater of Pompeii.

Theater of Marcellus (lat. Theatrum Marcelli)

The Theater of Marcellus is an ancient institution that served as a venue for performances under the open sky. The territory for the drama theater was chosen directly by Julius Caesar, the vast majority of construction work was carried out by his successor, Emperor Augustus. The theater was named in honor of Augustus’s nephew, Marcus Marcellus, who died in his early youth.

The establishment, which in its heyday could accommodate approximately 20,000 spectators, has been fairly preserved from the times of Ancient Rome. Sometimes small summer concerts are held at the Theater of Marcellus.

Campus Martius in Rome: Theater of Marcellus

Buildings from the imperial period

Septa Julia

During the reign of Emperor Augustus, a voting place for the inhabitants of Rome, Saepta Julia, was installed on the Campus Martius in Rome. The huge structure (300 x 95 m) was intended for a long time to serve the needs of Roman rulers, until it fell into complete disrepair in the 3rd century AD. Although, a fragment of the wall of Septa Julius can be seen near the Pantheon.

Portico of Octavia (lat. Porticus Octaviae)

Not far from the Theater of Marcellus and the Circus of Flaminius are the ruins of a portico erected in honor of the sister of Emperor Augustus, Octavia Minor. The building was created around 27 BC, but at the dawn of the Christian era, the building, decorated with expensive marble, burned twice. Previously, within the walls of Octavia’s portico it was possible to see works of art, for example, Pliny’s “Natural History”. Following significant upheavals, the building was used as a fish market, and then fell into disrepair.

Altar of Peace (Ara Pacis)

In the thirteenth year BC, the Roman Senate presented Emperor Augustus with a monument - the Altar of Peace, named in honor of the goddess of peace Pax.

A huge open altar, exquisitely decorated with carved slabs, was placed on the Campus Martius in Rome in the western part of the Via Flaminia. For a long time, the monument, erected in honor of the imperial victories, was considered lost, until in the sixteenth century a number of its elements were brought to light.

In the nineteenth century, expanded excavations made it possible to reproduce much of the monument. And only in 1938 the sacred Altar of Peace was again erected under the leadership of Benito Mussolini opposite the Mausoleum of Augustus. Currently, a structure has been erected over the ancient monument to protect it from the vagaries of nature.

Mausoleum of Augustus

The Mausoleum of Augustus is a tomb built by the emperor in 28 BC. The tomb contains several concentric rings of brick and earth, stacked one on top of the other. In the past, the roof of the mausoleum was crowned with an equestrian statue of Augustus, which did not survive.

The tomb contained the remains of the emperor’s relatives and heirs: sister, son-in-law, adopted son, Augustus himself, his wife Livia and many others.

The Mausoleum of Augustus was looted more than once; restoration work was carried out only under Mussolini. But currently, entry into the monument is prohibited; travelers can only admire its decadent beauty from the outside. Now the monument is located on the banks of the Tiber near Piazza Augusto Imperatore.

Domiziano Stadium

Following a fire in 64 AD, Emperor Domitian needed to rebuild many of Rome's public spaces. Specifically, today's Piazza Navona was once a stadium on the Campus Martius in Rome, where all the important sporting and social events of the capital took place.

Column of Marco Aurelius

The 30-meter column was built at the end of the Marcomannic War (166-180 AD) between Rome and the Germanic tribes. The marble pillar is densely decorated with battle scenes in which the valor of the emperor and military leader Marcus Aurelius, as well as his army, is glorified.

In the original, a statue of the emperor was placed at the top of the column, which was replaced in the Middle Ages by a sculpture of the Apostle Paul. The pillar is perfectly preserved and is open for inspection on the Column Square (Piazza Colonna).

Modern days

The modern Campus Martius in Rome is a segment of the historical center, one of 22 districts in the capital that has preserved its historical layout and buildings. In the center is the Campus Martius in Rome, an undeveloped public square that still preserves the memory of the military glory of our ancestors.

Subsequently, Campo Marzio changed its appearance several times, but failed to regain its former splendor. Having transformed into a typical residential area in Rome, the Campus Martius in Rome was built up with apartment buildings, which inevitably led to the destruction of ancient monuments. Ancient temples were replaced by palaces of wealthy citizens: Borghese, Firenze, Ruspoli and many others.

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What is "FIELD OF MARS"? How to spell this word correctly. Concept and interpretation.

FIELD OF MARS Field of Mars (until the beginning of the 19th century Promenade, Poteshnoye Pole, Tsaritsyn Meadow, in 1918-40 Victims of the Revolution Square), between Khalturin Street, the Lebyazhy Canal embankment and the river embankment. Sinks. Named after the ancient Roman god of war, Mars. It arose in a drained swamp near the Summer Garden in the first half of the 18th century. as a place for walks, fireworks (“funny lights”), and military parades (hence the name). In the second half of the 18th century. The M. ensemble included the Marble Palace, the Saltykov House, the house of I. I. Betsky, the building of the Main Pharmacy on Bolshaya Millionnaya Street (see Khalturina Street). In 1797 -1800 the Engineering Castle was built. In 1799, an obelisk “Rumyantsev’s Victories” was erected on the banks of the Moika River (in 1818 it was moved to Vasilyevsky Island), and in 1801 a monument to A.V. Suvorov was erected (now on Suvorov Square). In 1817-21, the former Lombard building (architect Yu. M. Felten) was rebuilt as a Pavlovsky regiment barracks (architect V. P. Stasov), now the Lenenergo administration. The Adamini House was built in 1823-27. On March 23 (April 5), 1917, a solemn funeral of 184 soldiers and workers who died during the February Revolution took place at the M.P. The Peter and Paul Fortress saluted each of the dead with a cannon shot. About 800 thousand people took part in the demonstration at the MP that day, on the podium were members of the Petrograd Soviet, veterans of the revolutionary movement V.N. Figner, G.A. Lopatin, V.I. Zasulich and others. April 18 (1 May) 1917 V.I. Lenin spoke at the Moscow p. at a rally with a speech about the significance of May 1 and the tasks of the Russian revolution. On June 18 (July 1) a mass demonstration took place at the MP (about 500 thousand participants). In 1918, V. Volodarsky and M. S. Uritsky, as well as victims of the rebellion in Yaroslavl, were buried at the M. p., in 1919 - participants in the defense of Petrograd from the troops of General N. N. Yudenich and others, in 1920 - 7 Finnish communists, killed during the attack of counter-revolutionaries on the Finnish communist club in Petrograd. In 1917-19, a monument to the “Fighters of the Revolution” was erected at M. p. (architect L. V. Rudnev, artist V. A. Konashevich, text by A. V. Lunacharsky, typeface by artist V. V. Lebedeva), in the construction of which they used granite blocks of the previously dismantled building of Salny Buyan. On May 1, 1920, during the first citywide communist subbotnik, work began on laying out the parterre garden (1920-23, architect I. A. Fomin, gardener R. F. Katzer). On June 19, 1920, Lenin and delegates of the 2nd Congress of the Comintern laid wreaths on the graves of fallen fighters. In 1922-33, prominent party and Soviet workers of Petrograd (Leningrad) were buried at M. p.: D. N. Avrov, L. M. Mikhailov-Politicus, I. E. Kotlyakov, K. S. Eremeev, G. V. Tsyperovich, I. I. Gaza, M. M. Lashevich and others. With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War on Shelters have been opened. As a result of shelling and bombing, the houses surrounding the square were severely damaged. On January 27, 1944, artillery guns were installed along the façade of the Lenenergo building at the MP, from which an artillery salute was fired in honor of the lifting of the siege of Leningrad (see Salute on January 27, 1944). In 1957, the country's first Eternal Flame was lit at the M. p. (the torch was lit from the open-hearth furnace of the Kirov Plant).

FIELD OF MARS- I Marsovo Field (Campus Martius, Ager Martius) in Ancient Rome, a large lowland on the left...

area in Dr. Rome, on the left bank of the river. Tiber (outside the city limits), where the original. there were wars. (hence the name “M. p.” after the god of war Mars) and gymnastics. competitions. With the beginning of the republic (at the end of the 6th century BC), the city center became the place of the people. meetings by centuries. In the center of the M. p. there is an altar of Mars. At a later time it means. part of the field was built up and the actual square began to be called only the area around the altar.

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FIELD OF MARS

in ancient Rome - a lowland on the left bank of the Tiber, outside the city, where military parades were held in honor of the god of war Mars, and then public meetings were held. In Leningrad - St. Petersburg - a square in the city center, on the left bank of the Neva, the ensemble of which includes the Marble Palace, Pavlovsky Barracks (now the Lenenergo building), the Engineers' Castle (Mikhailovsky), the Summer and Mikhailovsky Gardens. The square received its name at the beginning of the 19th century, when it became the site of military parades. Participants of the February Revolution were buried on M.P. in 1917, in 1918 - participants in the Civil War, in 1917-1919. a monument to the “Fighters of the Revolution” was erected; in 1957, the Eternal Flame was lit.

What is the field of Mars in ancient times? Universal additional practical explanatory dictionary and. Mostitsky what is the field of Mars, what does it mean and how to spell it correctly. Transformation from meadow to square

First buildings

Villa Publica

Circus Flaminius

Torre Argentina Square

Temples

Temple of Bellona

Temple of Hercules (lat. Ercole Oleario)

Pantheon

Temple of the Divine Hadrian (lat. Templum Divi Hadriani)

Theaters

Theater of Pompey (lat. Theatrum Pompeium)

Theater of Marcellus (lat. Theatrum Marcelli)

Buildings from the imperial period

Septa Julia

Portico of Octavia (lat. Porticus Octaviae)

Altar of Peace (Ara Pacis)

Mausoleum of Augustus

Domiziano Stadium

Column of Marco Aurelius

Modern days

How to get there

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what FIELD OF MARS is in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

First buildings

Villa Publica

Circus Flaminius

Torre Argentina Square

Campus Martius in Rome: temples

Temple of Bellona

Temple of Hercules (lat. Ercole Oleario)

Pantheon

Temple of the Divine Hadrian (lat. Templum Divi Hadriani)

Theaters

Theater of Pompey (lat. Theatrum Pompeium)

Theater of Marcellus (lat. Theatrum Marcelli)

Buildings from the imperial period

Septa Julia

Portico of Octavia (lat. Porticus Octaviae)

Altar of Peace (Ara Pacis)

Mausoleum of Augustus

Domiziano Stadium

Column of Marco Aurelius

Modern days

FIELD OF MARS