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Sanitary requirements for water intake from artesian wells. Composition of works on preparation of the draft zso

Clean drinking water in all states is protected by law, because it is an invaluable natural resource. Therefore water intake wells of any type are protected by several zones, which are regulated by strict sanitary and epidemiological norms. In Russia, for this purpose, instruction SanPiN 2.14.1110-02 is used, which stipulates that there should be three such shingles. And each sanitary zone of the well has clear boundaries.

Sign of the guard zone

First Zone

The first sanitary zone of the water intake well is located in the immediate vicinity of the source of water intake. Its dimensions are determined by the security or insecurity of the basin groundwater. The protected is an underground water basin, which is protected on all sides by solid rock, thus not creating its connection with open water bodies: lakes, rivers and so on. And the size of such a layer extends to all three sanitary belts. An unprotected pool is a layer of water that communicates with open water bodies.

So for unprotected groundwater the border of sanitary territory should be 50 m, for protected ones - 30 m. The receipt of a license for water abstraction (use of entrails) of a protected reservoir is issued faster with less problems than on an unprotected layer. The thing is that the probability of contamination and contamination of the well from this water basin is higher, and therefore requires special justification.

Attention! Reduce the sanitary zone of the artesian well can be up to 15 m, if the water intake is made from a protected formation, plus, it is necessary to obtain a permit from the state body of Rospotrebnadzor, which will require a hydrogeological justification.

What is prohibited

This sanitary zone is a strict regime belt, so here it is impossible:

to carry out construction not related to the water intake system;
people who are not related to the operation of the water well.

The second zone

It is called the belt of restriction of economic activity. Its main purpose is to prevent bacterial contamination of both the well and the water basin. The boundaries of this zone are not standard, they are calculated from the possibility of penetration rate of pathogenic bacteria through the soil into water or through groundwater into the aquifer. There are two positions:

For unprotected pools, the period is 400 days, during which time the bacteria will enter the well.
For the protected - 200 days.

To calculate the radius of the second sanitary protection zone of the well, it is necessary to use the formula:

R = √ (Q x t) / (π x M x N), where

R - radius of sanitary belts № 2;

Q is the debit of the water layer, measured in m³ / h, in fact, this is the productivity of the structure;

t - time for which the bacteria will pass before the well;

π is an Archimedean number equal to 3,24;

M is the thickness of the aquifer;

N is the porosity of the rock through which the water intake is carried out, usually this index varies in the range 0.01-0.04.

In fact, this formula indicates that this distance is optimal for a time (200 or 400 days), during which the pathogenic bacteria can get into the water of the water intake structure.

What is prohibited

The second sanitary zone of the well should not be:

Agricultural farms, storages, where manure falls.
Cemeteries and cemeteries.
Silage pits and toilets.
Sewage structures and filtration fields.
Warehouses in which fertilizers or chemicals are stored.
Ordinary landfills and garbage pits.

The third zone

The purpose of creating a third belt is to protect water intake from chemical contamination. In order to calculate the radius of the organization of this territory, it is necessary to use the same formula as for the second belt. Only instead of the time of bacterial movement, the time of operation of the water intake well, which is equal to 25 years, is substituted into it.

Why this time limit is taken. The thing is that many chemical substances are slightly decomposed or not decomposed at all. Scientists believe that there are certain distances that chemicals can pass a maximum of 25 years. That is, until they get to the well, it will have to be closed.

But that is not all. The third and second zones health protection The wells are defined by the boundaries of the water flow within the aquifer. That is, any contamination can penetrate the well only from this belt. The rest of the water will pass by her. So the limit of the current coverage of the water is called the neutral current line (NLT), as shown in the photo below.

The layout of the NLT

This capture zone must be pre-calculated. It mainly depends on the flow rate of the water intake, its pressure and the filtering properties of the surrounding soil. In this case, the area of capture within the sanitary zones should be less than the radius of the second and third belts.

What is prohibited

Here you can not build objects that can cause chemical pollution: the production of chemicals, storage tanks of various industrial effluents, warehouses and chemicals and mineral fertilizers, slurry storage and others. If the reservoir is unprotected, then in the third sanitary zone of the well, it is possible to build residential and non-residential objects, if their sewerage drains out of the belt. If the layer is protected, everything is done so as not to disturb its natural occurrence. The only thing that can be done is to drill the well itself.

Why is a sanitary protection zone project needed?

In conditions of constant pollution of the environment, sources clean water and the zones on which they are located, require particularly careful protection. It is for this purpose that at the legislative level, the territories around water intakes are established.

They consist of three belts, each of which provides for specific activities and special modes of economic activity. The size of the first belt for an artesian well is 60 m (in diameter). This land must be planted with lawn grass and be owned / rented. Practice shows that there are practically no sites corresponding to these conditions, therefore, in most cases, the development of the project requires a reduction of the sanitary protection zone.

Creation of documentation is carried out taking into account the features of the facilities on which SSS is installed: underground water intakes (wells), surface sources (water intakes from rivers and storages), and waterworks and water conduits (water towers, water treatment and filtration systems, storage tanks). The size of the territory is approved by the project of the organization after agreement with Rospotrebnadzor. If necessary (in 99% of cases), the sanitary protection zone is reduced.

Relations in the presented sphere are regulated by the Administrative Code (Article 8.13). If the calculation of sanitary protection zones was carried out without an agreed project, and the operation is conducted with violations of the current legislation, the actions fall under the administrative penalty:

for individuals - from 500 to 1000 rubles;
officials - from 1 to 2 thousand rubles;
legal entities - from 10 to 20 thousand rubles.

In the event of non-compliance with legal requirements for the protection of water bodies, the amounts of fines are significantly increased. Timely appeal to our specialists will avoid all these troubles.

The main stages of the development of the sanitary protection zone project

Collection and analysis of baseline data. The specialist goes directly to the water intake, where he conducts surveys of the site and nearby equipment.
Determination of sanitary state of wells.
Survey of the surrounding area and identification of potential sources of pollution.
Determination of the degree of natural protection of the aquifer.
Calculation of zones of sanitary protection with an accurate definition of the sizes of the 2nd and 3rd belts.

In addition, the project includes a number of restrictions to the conduct of economic activities for all belts. A list of necessary measures is being developed, which makes it possible to improve the condition of the territory of the SIZ, preventing contamination of sources. After the creation of the project and the calculation of the zones of sanitary protection, it is agreed upon and agreed to receive sanitary and epidemiological conclusions.

Project of sanitary protection zones

For the development of the project of sanitary protection zones of underground sources of drinking water supply in accordance with the provisions of SanPin 2.1.4.1110-01 / -02, the following package of documents is required:

contract for water disposal;
hydrogeological conclusion of SevZapNedr (RosGeoFonda) on the possibility of using groundwater;
an extract of the Minutes of the meeting of the state commission of the SevNapNadr on the examination of minerals;
the prospect of water abstraction (planned for 5-10 years increase, decrease or maintenance at the existing level);
at least three samples for biological, organoleptic, chemical and radiation indicators of water quality for the season;
hydrogeological characteristics of the location of the well;
radiological conclusion;
technical passport and geological section of the well;
well log;
passports or other documents for filters and pumps;
analysis of water consumption;
water analysis (according to SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01);
a plan of measures agreed upon with land users for the second and third belts of the ZSZ;
signed by the district architect a situational plan for the first belt (scale 1: 500, 1: 1000); second and third belts of SSS (scale 1: 10000 - 1: 25000);
the license for water use.

For the development of the project of sanitary protection zones of surface sources of drinking water supply, the following are required:

license and licensing requirements for water use;
an extract of the minutes of the meeting of the state commission of SevNapNedra on the examination of minerals;
The prospect of water abstraction (planned for 5-10 years increase, decrease or maintenance at the existing level);
hydrological data;
analysis of available water consumption;
analyzes and protocols for water analysis (according to SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01);
the study of microbiological and organoleptic indicators of water over the past twelve months;
four topical seasonal analyzes for inorganic and organic substances;
annual radiation analysis of water (for the last year);
expert's report on compliance / non-compliance with radiation standards;
agreed on with land users the plan of measures for the second and third belts of the ZSZ;
signed by the district architect a situational plan for the first belt (scale 1: 500, 1: 1000); second and third belts of ZCO (scale 1: 50000 - 1: 100000) with application of all objects;
the license for water use.

Zones of sanitary protection of underground sources of drinking water supply

The first zone of the SIZ is a strict regime zone. It includes the territory on which the water well and water management equipment is located. This belt serves to protect the site from intentional or accidental damage or contamination. This area has a radius of 30 - 50 m from the well. This value is determined by the degree of natural protection of the target horizon.

The second zone of the ZSO is a zone of restrictions on bacterial contamination. It excludes the presence of possible sources of bacteriological danger in the calculated boundaries, such as cattle cemeteries, cemeteries, filtration and sewage fields, silo trenches, manure storages, poultry and livestock farms, garbage dumps, yard latrines, etc. The size of the zone is determined by calculation. For this, the capacity of water-bearing limestones and well production are used.

The third zone of the ZSO - is a zone of restrictions on chemical pollution. It is installed to prevent contamination of water intake by chemicals. In the third zone, the disposal of objects whose activity can lead to chemical contamination of groundwater is excluded, for example, fuel, mineral fertilizers and pesticides, industrial sewage stores, slurry storage facilities, harmful chemical industries, etc. The size of the zone is determined by calculation. For this, the production rate of the wells and the thickness of the water-bearing limestones are used.

The cost of arrangements for the preparation and approval of project documentation will depend on the following factors:

distance from the well to the boundaries of the first belt (to the fence);
level of protection of the aquifer (with underground water intake);
presence of hazardous objects near the site of water intake (according to the list of SanPin 2.1.4.1110-02).

After the development of the draft sanitary protection zone, it is submitted for approval to the regional center of Rospotrebnadzor.

Reducing zones of sanitary protection

Sometimes the owner of a well for one reason or another wants to change the dimensions of the belts of the DSO, as a rule, in the direction of reducing them. For this, it is necessary to develop an appropriate project with the rationale for this activity.

The issue of reduction of zones of sanitary protection is considered on an individual basis, and its positive solution depends on the following factors:

location of the source of water intake;
conditions of its operation;
other circumstances.

In agreement with the Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision Center, it is allowed to reduce the area of SSS for those water pipelines that are built on the territory with the existing buildings.

The legislation of the Russian Federation also permits the reduction of the 1st sanitary protection zone if water abstraction is carried out from an underground source with a protected aquifer. In this case, the well must be located on the territory controlled by the owner and its pollution should be completely excluded.

The main options for preparing documentation

The aquifer is protected, the distance to the boundaries of the first belt is not less than 30 meters, there are no polluting objects. The amount for the preparation and approval of documentation will be 100 000 rubles.
The aquifer is not protected, the distance to the boundary of the first belt is 50 meters or more, there are no dangerous objects. The cost of developing a draft sanitary protection zone and its approval is 100,000 rubles.
The water intake uses a protected aquifer, the distance from the extreme well is less than 30, but more than 15 meters. Preparing for project documentation to reduce the first zone of the sanitary protection zone, additional studies are being carried out. The cost of work is 150,000 rubles.

There are other options, in each case, experts will prepare and justify individual prices for services. Get detailed advice on the contact number and order the calculation of the sanitary protection zone for a particular facility in Moscow or other cities of the Russian Federation.

Conventionally, the sanitary protection zones of wells can be divided into three belts:

strict mode belt;
the limitation of economic activity;
a belt of observations and control.

Belt of strict regime.

The purpose of this belt in prevention of contamination directly into the water source. The boundaries of this zone are established around the water source, water intake and water supply facilities. For underground waters, the boundaries of this belt around extreme wells are accepted by

border around wells unprotected 50 m;
border around wells protected groundwater is 30 m.

TO unprotected Groundwaters include groundwater and interplastic water, receiving food from subterranean or inland waters of non-marine waters (rivers, lakes, canals, etc.). TO protected The interstitial waters covered by impermeable all three belts. The rationale for the protection of the aquifer is of great importance in the assessment of groundwater resources . This information is always taken into account when issuance of a license for subsoil use.

Reduction of strict regime belt It is possible only for water intakes, which operate protected underground waters, if there is a hydrogeological justification and subsequent coordination in Rospotrebnadzor.

Belt of restriction of economic activity.

The purpose of this belt is to prevent the possibility of bacterial contamination of the well. The boundaries of this belt are justified by special hydrodynamic calculations, which are based on the penetration time microbial contamination through underground water into the well. For sanitary protection zones, this is the survival time of bacteria in the aquatic environment: for unprotected groundwater it is 400 days, for protected - 200 days (for the first and second climatic region).

Belt of observation and control.

The purpose of this belt is to prevent the appearance of pollution sources outside the second belt. The boundaries of this belt are justified by special hydrodynamic calculations, which are based on the penetration time chemical pollution through underground water into the well. In view of the stability of most chemical pollutants, the maximum time taken, usually equal to the estimated life of the well is 25 years.

The calculation of the second and third belts of the zones of sanitary protection determines the position of the boundary current line closing the flow of water entering the well. That is, pollution enters the well only within this boundary, called neutral current line (NLT). Outside the NLT, water particles move in the natural flow of groundwater, bypassing the wells. The coordinates of the NLT points along the conditional axes X and Y, as well as the width of the capture zone, are calculated on the basis of the total flow rate of the water intake, the filtration properties of the exploited reservoir and the pressure gradient of the natural groundwater flow. To determine the area of contamination within the NLT, the radius of this area around the well is calculated relative to the time of penetration of microbial and chemical contamination.

Within the second and third belts of sanitary protection zones, it is not allowed to place objects directly or indirectly contaminating groundwater. For unprotected groundwater, construction of residential and economic facilities is permitted with diversion of sewage and waste waters beyond the zone of sanitary protection of the second belt. For protected groundwater, it is not allowed to carry out works that violate the natural occurrence of the upper waterproof layer.

In practice, simplified methods for calculating zones of sanitary protection are often used