Presentation on the topic "Arctic desert zone". Preparing to learn new material
- Find arctic deserts on the map of natural zones of Russia. What color are they indicated by? What can you tell from the map about this zone? Learn to show it on the map: the corresponding land areas should be smoothly outlined with a pointer. Ask your deskmate to check on you.
Kingdom of Snow and Ice
Arctic... This word emanates a harsh cold. The Arctic is the region of the Earth adjacent to the North Pole. Includes the Arctic Ocean with islands and adjacent continental margins. On the Arctic islands there is a zone of arctic deserts, or ice zone.
The sun in these parts never rises high above the horizon. Its rays glide over the surface of the earth, giving it very little heat. That is why here is the kingdom of snow and ice.
Not only the ocean, but also the islands are covered with a thick ice shell. Only in some places on the islands is it not present, but even here the land freezes many meters deep. There is almost no soil formation on the Arctic islands.
In winter there is a polar night in the icy zone. For several months in a row the sun does not appear at all - darkness! The moon is shining in the sky, the stars are twinkling. Sometimes auroras of amazing beauty appear - like a multi-colored, iridescent curtain swaying in the dark sky. This time of year is very harsh. Strong winds blow, snowstorms often rage, temperatures often drop to -60°...
In summer there comes a polar day. For several months there is light around the clock. But not warm. The temperature is only a few degrees above zero.
- Using drawings, determine what living organisms live in the Arctic desert zone. Think and explain how they are adapted to living conditions.
- Using this picture, tell us about the ecological connections in the Arctic desert zone. Make a model of a food chain typical of the Arctic desert.
1. Seagull. 2. Polar bear. 3. Kaira. 4. Seal. 5. Lichens. 6. Polar poppy. 7. Auk. 8. Saika. 9. Crustaceans. 10. Algae.
Life in the icy desert
Few living organisms have adapted to the harsh conditions of the Arctic deserts.
Lichens similar to scum are found on the rocks of the islands. Mosses, polar poppies and some other plants grow here and there.
Among the animals in these places, the most abundant are birds. In summer, seagulls, guillemots, and auks gather on the rocky shores. Their noisy clusters are called bird colonies.
All the birds living on the coastal cliffs are fed by the sea. There is a lot of algae in the sea. They feed on crustaceans, on crustaceans on fish, and on fish on birds.
Seals also feed on fish. These animals are excellent swimmers: they have an elongated, streamlined body, and their legs have turned into flippers. Seals have a thick layer of fat under their skin that protects them from the cold. They forage in the water, and rest and raise their young on land or on ice floes. Walruses live in the Arctic. They are similar to seals, but much larger and have powerful fangs.
The polar bear is remarkably adapted to Arctic conditions. Thick long hair protects it from the cold, wide paws help it swim, the white color of the fur hides it among the snow and ice, allowing it to get close to prey unnoticed. Male polar bears roam among the ice all year round. And females, future mothers, lie down in snow dens for the winter. Here, in the dead of winter, they give birth to tiny bear cubs that are no bigger than kittens! In the den, frost and wind are not scary for the cubs. The mother feeds them milk and warms them. When the cubs grow up and leave the den with their mother, the mother bear will teach them to catch fish, and then seals.
- Make a guess what role tusks play in the life of a walrus. Test yourself on the “Self-Test Pages” (4).
Arctic deserts and people
Due to human exploration of the Arctic, complex environmental problems have arisen in the ice zone. For many years, people hunted polar bears and walruses. As a result, these animals became rare, and they were listed in the Red Book of Russia. Seals, especially their cubs, also suffer from poachers. It is necessary to protect animals from extermination!
In the seas of the Arctic, people engage in fishing. This is often done in a predatory manner, without caring about the protection of fish resources.
Garbage gets into the water and onto the shores from various ships. On some northern islands, people have set up hazardous waste dumps. Currently, work is underway to eliminate them - “general cleaning of the Arctic.”
Hunting for rare animals in the ice zone is prohibited. Many bird colonies have been placed under protection. Fishing is limited. Nature reserves have been created, for example the Wrangel Island Nature Reserve.
Now in our country there are several special projects for the protection of animals, which are under the personal control of the President of Russia Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin. Among these projects is the Polar Bear Program. Its goal is a comprehensive study, conservation and restoration of the number of polar bears in the Russian Arctic.
check yourself
- Show the Arctic desert zone on the map.
- Give a brief description of the Arctic desert zone.
Homework assignments
- Draw how you imagine the Arctic.
- Find in additional literature and the Internet information about one of the animals of this region. Prepare a message about him.
Pages for the curious
Reserve "Wrangel Island"
This Arctic island is located between the East Siberian and Chukchi seas. It is named after the Russian polar explorer Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel. The island became a nature reserve in 1976, and in 2004 it was included in the World Heritage List.
Mother bears come to the island from different parts of the Arctic. Here in dens they give birth to cubs. Therefore, Wrangel Island is called the “maternity hospital” of polar bears. One of the animals in the reserve is the musk ox. This animal lived in the territory of our country in the distant past. It survives in North America. And scientists decided to resettle him on Wrangel Island.
Next lesson
We will learn about the nature and environmental problems of the tundra zone. We will learn to characterize this zone according to plan. ^
Remember, the tundra zone receives more or less heat from the Sun compared to the arctic desert zone. What else do you know about the tundra? If you have ever been to the tundra, get ready to talk about it in class.
1. Using the textbook map, color in the Arctic desert zone on the contour map (pp. 36-37).
Map from the textbook
To select a color, you can use the “key” below: several rectangles are given here to more accurately select the color.
It is necessary to paint over the territories marked in blue on the map.
2. The Wise Turtle invites you to a mini exam: do you know the living world of the Arctic deserts? Cut out the pictures from the Appendix and arrange them correctly. Test yourself with the drawing in the textbook. After self-test, paste the pictures.
Check your work in class. Who passed the exam with "excellent" marks? Who made the mistakes? 
3. Draw a diagram of a food chain typical of the Arctic desert. Compare it with the diagram proposed by your desk neighbor. Using these diagrams, talk about ecological connections in the Arctic desert zone.
4. Think about what environmental problems that have arisen in the Arctic desert zone are expressed by these signs. Formulate and write down.
Various ships pollute Arctic waters. Also on some islands, people have set up hazardous waste dumps.
Some companies illegally catch fish without caring about the protection of fish resources and their reproduction.
Poachers hunt polar bears and walruses. Because of this, an increasing number of animal species in the Arctic are becoming rare and endangered. Such animals are listed in the Red Book.
Suggest conservation measures for class discussion that would help solve these problems.
5. Seryozha and Nadya’s dad drew a poster “The Red Book of Russia” (at the end of the notebook).
It shows rare plants and animals from different natural zones. Find the animals of the Arctic desert zone and write their names.
Polar bear, walrus
6. Here you can complete the drawing according to the instructions in the textbook (p. 82).
Draw how you imagine the Arctic.
7. Here you can make notes for your message as assigned by the textbook (p. 82).
Find in additional literature and the Internet information about one of the animals of this region. Prepare a message about him.
Message subject:
Message plan:
- Appearance of walruses
- Walrus behavior
- Walrus food
- Economic importance of walruses
- Walrus protection
Important message information:
Walruses - the endangered giants of the Arctic
Walruses are huge marine animals that live only in the Arctic. In appearance, walruses resemble seals, but, unlike seals, they are better adapted to move on land, have a more flexible and mobile body and huge tusks, up to 1 meter long.
The weight of male walruses often reaches 2 thousand kilograms, and their body length is 3 - 4.5 meters. Females are noticeably smaller in size, but are also well adapted to life in harsh Arctic conditions. The thickness of the skin of this animal can reach 10 cm (on the neck), and the thickness of the fat layer is 15 cm.
Walruses most often settle on the coast on large rocky beaches-rookeries. They live in families of 10 - 20 individuals. Up to 3,000 animals can settle in one rookery—an entire hostel of such families. While resting on land, walruses always post sentries, who, at the slightest danger, warn their relatives with a loud roar and the entire rookery of multi-ton animals instantly rushes into the water.
Walruses feed on mollusks and bottom invertebrates, and sometimes eat fish. They feel great in the water, can hold their breath for up to 10 minutes and even sleep while rocking on the waves. However, walruses do not like to swim far from the shore, preferring shallow waters and coastal areas.
For the indigenous northern peoples - the Chukchi and Eskimos - walrus fishing has always been a traditional trade. They ate maso for food, used fangs and bones as tools, fat for heating and lighting their homes, and skins for building yurts and covering boats. But in the XVIII-XIX, poachers began to uncontrollably kill walruses for their tusks. This almost led to the complete disappearance of the sea giants.
Now walruses are listed in the Red Book as rare and declining animals. Commercial hunting of walruses is prohibited in all countries. Harvesting walruses is permitted only to indigenous peoples and only in limited quantities. Unfortunately, the number of remaining walruses is currently unknown. Scientists suggest that the population decline may also be influenced by climate change, leading to melting ice. Therefore, it is not necessary to say that the danger of extinction of walruses has passed.
Source(s) of information:Internet
Just because the Arctic is called an icy desert does not mean that these expanses are lifeless. Despite the harsh living conditions, the plants and animals of the Arctic are amazing and diverse. In this lesson we will learn how plants have adapted to a long absence of sun, low temperatures and piercing winds, why walruses need vibrissae, why the polar bear is called the king of the Arctic, how puffins and guillemots live, and much more.
The sun's rays only glide over their surface, giving little heat, because the sun never rises high here (Fig. 2).
Rice. 2. Sun of the Arctic ()
The Arctic has a very harsh climate: snow and ice lie almost all year, winter is very long and frosty (up to -60°), hurricane winds blow, and blizzards rage for several weeks in a row. From mid-October the sun is no longer visible - the long polar night begins (lasts up to 6 months). Sometimes during the polar night there are auroras, which last from several minutes to several days and are so extensive that their light is enough even for reading (Fig. 3).
Rice. 3. Aurora ()
At the end of February the sun appears and the day begins to arrive. And from mid-May to mid-June the sun does not hide at all - the polar day begins. But even at this time the temperature rises only a few degrees above zero.
The islands are so poor in vegetation that they are called arctic deserts. Found on rocks moss, lichens, polar poppy and some other plants (Fig. 4-6).
Rice. 4. Mosses on the stone ()
Rice. 5. Lichens on stone ()
Rice. 6. Polar poppy ()
All plants here are dwarfs, their height is no more than 10 cm, only polar willow reaches 1 m (Fig. 7).
Rice. 7. Polar willow ()
But all plants, protecting themselves from the cold and wind, are forced to hug the ground.
The sea feeds all the inhabitants of the ice zone. They actively reproduce in water rich in oxygen and carbon dioxide. algae and crustaceans- the first link in the food chain of the Arctic zone (Fig. 8).
Rice. 8. Seaweed, crustaceans and other ocean inhabitants ()
Fish and birds feed on them. Birds gather in large flocks, settle on rocks, and, despite the crowded size and size of the flock, each bird unmistakably finds its nest (Fig. 9).
Rice. 9. Nesting of guillemots ()
Guillemots- noisy birds that nest on steep cliffs, where no animal can reach (Fig. 10).
Guillemots hatch only one cone-shaped egg (this shape protects the egg from falling from high rocks). When the chick grows up, the guillemot throws it into the water, where its adult life begins: guillemots are excellent swimmers and divers (in water they reach speeds of up to 20 km/h, reaching a depth of 140 m).
Seagulls They have also adapted to Arctic conditions: they fly well, swim well, but dive poorly (Fig. 11).
On some islands you can see a huge amount dead ends(Fig. 12).
These are beautiful silent birds with an unusual beak. To live, they choose islands with a thick layer of peat, in which they dig nests for themselves using their clawed paws and beaks. The puffin is an excellent provider: it can stay underwater for up to 30 seconds, chasing fish, and bring up to 10 fish to the nest at a time.
Another food chain is algae - crustaceans - whales(Fig. 13).
These huge animals are perfectly adapted to life in the icy zone: waterproof skin and a thick layer of fat underneath protect them from the cold.
Seals- another inhabitants of the Arctic, they live both on land and in water (Fig. 14).
They are excellent swimmers. They need up to 16 kg of food per day. At the end of winter, seals give birth to snow-white babies - pups. The white color helps babies hide, camouflaging themselves under the snow to escape from enemies, primarily from the polar bear. And adult seals escape from their main enemy in the water, because on land they are slow and clumsy.
Polar bear called the king of the Arctic, a great traveler and hunter (Fig. 15).
Rice. 15. Polar bear ()
This animal has perfectly adapted to life in the icy zone: it is fast and agile on land and in water, strong, has an excellent sense of smell, thick white fur and wide paws with sharp claws. Like all inhabitants of the Arctic, he has small ears - so as not to freeze. Female mothers lie down in snow dens for the winter, where they give birth to cubs (most often there are two cubs, they are small, the size of a mitten). Mama bear feeds them and keeps them warm. In the spring, the cubs will leave the den, but for another two years the mother bear will teach her cubs to fish, hunt seals, and much more (Fig. 16).
Rice. 16. Polar bear with cubs ()
The fauna of the Arctic is unique. A nature reserve was created on Wrangel Island - here are the largest concentrations of walruses(Fig. 17).
Walrus tusks- a universal tool for obtaining food and a weapon for defending against the enemy, as well as a badge of honor (whoever has the largest and most powerful tusks is in charge). The walrus has a thick mustache on its face - vibrissae- with the help of which they find food at the bottom of the sea (Fig. 18).
Rice. 18. Vibrissae on the face of a walrus ()
In this reserve you can also see muskoxen(Fig. 19).
Rice. 19. Musk oxen ()
They once lived on the territory of Russia, but then disappeared, and scientists brought them to Wrangel Island from North America (this is how rare and endangered species of animals are preserved).
This reserve is also called the maternity hospital of polar bears - mother bears come here from all over the Arctic, scientists count up to 250 dens per year.
For many years, the Arctic has been attracting people who, risking their lives in extreme conditions, study its vastness and draw up maps (Fig. 20).
Rice. 20. Arctic Explorers ()
Polar stations are set up on drifting ice floes where people live and work. polar scientists. They observe the weather, flora and fauna of the Arctic (Fig. 21).
Rice. 21. Polar station ()
In the next lesson we will talk about the zone that is located south of the Arctic deserts - the tundra, its harsh climate and unique nature.
Bibliography
- Vakhrushev A.A., Danilov D.D. The world around us 3. - M.: Ballas.
- Dmitrieva N.Ya., Kazakov A.N. The world around us 3. - M.: Publishing House "Fedorov".
- Pleshakov A.A. The world around us 3. - M.: Enlightenment.
- Geo-site.ru ().
- Biofile.ru ().
- Do.gendocs.ru ().
Homework
- Make a short test (6 questions with three answer options) on the topic “Arctic Desert Zone”.
- Prepare a short report about one of the Arctic animals.
- Think about how the appearance and habits of a brown bear would change if it lived in the Arctic desert.
- * Using the knowledge gained in class, create a short (10 questions) crossword puzzle on the topic “Arctic”.
Arctic desert zone
Presentation for the lesson about the world around us
(4th grade, educational complex “School of Russia”)
Completed by a primary school teacher
Municipal educational institution "Rybachevskaya school" Alushta
Byshuk Vera Vladimirovna
Arctic…. This word gives off a harsh chill. The Arctic is the region of the Earth adjacent to the North Pole. Includes the Arctic Ocean with islands and adjacent continental margins.
Arctic desert zone – ice zone .
The sun in these parts never rises high above the horizon. Its rays glide over the surface of the earth and do not heat it. Not only the ocean, but also the islands are covered with an ice shell.
Winter in the icy zone polar night .
For several months in a row the sun does not appear at all - darkness.
The moon is shining in the sky, the stars are twinkling.
Strong winds are blowing, a snowstorm is raging, t=-60.
Sometimes amazing beauty appears auroras . It seems that a multi-colored, iridescent curtain is swaying in the sky.
Summer is coming polar day. For several months there is light around the clock. But not warm. The air temperature is only a few degrees above 0.
Life in the icy desert
Few organisms have adapted to life in arctic desert conditions. The flora and fauna are very scarce.
Flora of the Arctic
On the islands they are found right on the rocks lichens , they are very small.
Flora of the Arctic
They are growing here and there mosses.
Sometimes you can meet moss pillows .
Flora of the Arctic
Found among flowers polar poppy
Flora of the Arctic
In the short summer it appears on the yet-to-be-melted snow saxifrage .
Arctic desert animals
Few living organisms have adapted to the harsh conditions of the Arctic deserts.
Of the animals in these places most of all birds. In summer, the following people gather on the rocky shores:
seagulls, guillemots, auks.
Their noisy clusters are called bird markets.
Birds of the Arctic desert.
Guillemot.
The nests are located on rocks nearby with endless expanses of ice.
Birds of the arctic desert
The hunt takes place underwater. Guillemots They dive 15-20 meters into the depths and catch fish there. The basis of the diet is cod, herring, capelin, sand lance, cod. In addition to fish, he consumes shrimp , crabs, sea worms . During one polar day, this bird consumes 300 or more grams of food
Birds of the Arctic desert.
Auk
Birds of the arctic desert
LOON - refers to seabirds, in on average it grows up to 50 cm, the wingspan is from 60 to 80 cm. The beak is sharp, with several transverse grooves flattened on the sides, one of them is painted white.
The back and head are black, and the belly and underside of the wings are white.
When resting, auks like to stand motionless on rocks for hours.
Then the birds dive under water and emerge at a great distance from the dive site. If you land a great auk on flat ground, the birds don’t even try to fly.
Arctic desert animals
Animals of the Arctic deserts are mainly representatives of the sea. Pinnipeds are common here: walruses, seals , elephant seals . The owner of the zone can rightfully be called polar bear.
Walruses.
The most distinctive feature is tusks(upper canines), they protrude far from the mouth, directed downwards. The weight of one tusk reaches 4 kilograms, the length is up to 102 cm. The tusks are mainly used for obtaining food. However, this is also a powerful means of defense: even polar bears do not risk attacking an adult walrus. The tusks also help when climbing out onto the ice, serving as a kind of strong support.
Seals
Predatory animals, adapted
to life at sea. They hunt fish cephalopods and crustaceans; they look for food in shallow water; adults require
5 kg of feed per day.
Polar bear
The polar bear is the largest predator. Its length reaches 3 m, weight up to 1 ton. Usually males weigh 400-450 kg; body length 200-250cm. Females are noticeably smaller, weighing only kg. The polar bear is listed in Red book of Russia. Hunting for it is prohibited.
Polar bear
If an adult polar bear stands up to his full height and raises his front paws up, he can easily reach the window sill of the second floor of a block house! Despite their size, polar bears are fast and agile on land, and in water they swim far and easily.
polar bear has incomparable resistance to cold. The thick and long fur of a polar bear retains heat well. The whiteness of the fur helps the bear to hunt invisible. Bears even hide their black noses while sneaking up on prey.
By the way, the polar bear not only has a nose, but also all the skin under the fur is black ! The subcutaneous layer of fat also perfectly retains heat, reaching 10 cm in thickness with the onset of winter.
Without it, the bears would not be able to swim 30 km each in icy arctic water!
Arctic problems
The United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) identifies the following main environmental problems in the Arctic region: * changing of the climate and melting Arctic ice
* water pollution northern seas by oil and chemical runoff, as well as by sea transport
* population decline arctic animals and changes in their habitat
Reserve "Wrangel Island"
This Arctic island is located between the East Siberian and Chukchi seas. It is named after the polar explorer
F.P. Wrangel. Mother bears come to Wrangel Island from different parts of the Arctic. Every year there are up to 250 dens on the island, in which mother bears give birth to their babies. That's why Wrangel Island is called a “maternity hospital” polar bears.
Reserve "Wrangel Island"
One of the amazing animals of the reserve muskox . This animal lived in the territory of our country in the distant past, but then disappeared. It survives in North America. And now scientists have decided to resettle him on Wrangel Island.
Thank you
