Andre-Marie Ampère, born on January 20, 1775 in Lyon, was the second child of the wealthy merchant Jean Jacques Ampère and his wife Jeanne Antoinette Desutier-Sarcet Ampère. The boy's father did not believe in academic education, and therefore wanted his son to “learn from nature itself.” Jean Jacques Ampere reads the philosophical works of Jean Jacques Rousseau, and these theories form the basis of Andre's education. Almost throughout his childhood, his father was always close to his son and guided him in his studies. Young Ampere shows great interest in mathematics and geometry, but, to his great regret, there are too few books on these sciences in his home library. And then the father takes his son to the Lyon city library, and a better place for the boy could not be imagined. The only obstacle to the desired knowledge is that most of the works are written in Latin. To satisfy his interest in mathematics, Ampere decides to study Latin. The boy grew up on the works of Leonhard Euler and Daniel Bernoulli.

Personal life

When the French Revolution entered its decisive stage, Ampère was still very young, and everything that happened left a deep mark on his soul. After the formation of a new revolutionary government, his father was elected magistrate of Lyon. But the revolution leads to a number of tragic events in his life. Due to political differences, Jean Jacques was arrested, and on November 24, 1793 he was sent to the guillotine. Andre takes the death of his father so hard that he even abandons the study of “Mécanique analytique” (“Analytical mechanics”) and abandons his work in mathematics for eight whole months.

He returns to life only when he meets Julie, with whom he falls in love at first sight. The engagement of Andre Marie Ampere and Julie Carron took place in 1797, and in order to provide the future family with a decent financial position, the groom undertakes to give mathematics lessons. In 1799, Andre and Julie married, and in 1800 their son was born, to whom his parents gave the name Jean-Jacques.

Teacher's wanderings

Ampère continued to give lessons, and in 1802 he was offered to become a teacher of mathematics and chemistry at the Central School of Bourges. Although both sciences are under his jurisdiction, Ampere directs his main efforts to mathematics. His research in the field of “probability theory” in 1803 led him to the Paris Academy, where he presented his work “Mathematical Theory of Games”. But in July of the same year, another personal tragedy occurs in his life: much to his grief, his Julie, who suffered from poor health, dies. Staying in Lyon, where everything reminds of his beloved wife, is already unbearable, and Ampere finally moves to Paris. By that time, he had already earned recognition both for his teaching abilities and for his talent as a researcher in the field of mathematics. And so, in 1804, he entered the service of the Polytechnic School as a “répétiteur” (junior teacher).

In 1809, Ampère, despite the fact that he was self-taught, received the title of professor, which was greatly facilitated by his teaching reputation. He would hold this post until 1828. Professor Ampere even began to give lectures on philosophy and astronomy at the University of Paris, in 1819 and 1820, respectively. The next turning point in his works in the field of science was his acceptance into membership of the Academy of Sciences in 1814.

Works in the field of electrodynamics

In September 1820, at one of the meetings of the French Academy of Sciences, Ampere and his colleagues were presented with the amazing discovery of the Danish physicist Hans Oersted in the field of electrodynamics. This discovery concerns the effect exerted by an electric wire on a magnetized needle. This, in turn, awakens the curiosity of Ampere, who, continuing the experiment, explores the relationship between electricity and magnetism. Within two weeks, he will publish the results of his experiments, which showed that two parallel wires carrying an electric current attract each other if the current flows in the same direction, and repel each other if the current flows in opposite directions. The discovery turns out to be revolutionary and will form the basis of the emerging electrodynamics. Ampere continues to carry out experiments, and includes all the results in weekly reports for the academy. Later they will be published in the work “Chronicles of Experiments in Chemistry and Physics,” which is considered the first work on electrodynamics. He presented his next scientific notes to the public in 1822. All of Ampere’s research and experimental results were widely disseminated, and in 1826 his most significant work, “Scientific Essay on the Mathematical Theory of Electrodynamic Phenomena,” was published. This publication was the origin of many 19th century ideas regarding the interaction of electricity and magnetism. This work guided the work of such scientists as Faraday, Weber, Thomson and Maxwell. In search of a suitable name for a new field of science, the term “electrodynamics” appears for the first time. In 1827 Ampere was elected a foreign member of the Royal Society, and in 1828 a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Death and legacy

In the last years of his life, Ampere suffered from mental disorders and had an aversion to almost all knowledge, and to mathematics and other sciences in particular. On June 10, 1836, in Marseille, he was struck down by a fever, which caused his death. The name of Ampere, which entered science as one of the founders of electromagnetism, was immortalized in 1881 by the signing of an international convention, according to which a new unit of measurement of electrical parameters, the “ampere,” was established. Since then, “ampere” has been the generally accepted unit of measurement of electric current. The scientist’s last work, “Essai sur la philisophie des sciences” (“Analytical presentation of the natural classification of all the knowledge of mankind”), was posthumously published by his son, Jean-Jacques Ampère, who by that time had become a famous literary critic and writer.

Andre-Marie Ampere (French Andre-Marie Ampere, 1775-1836) is a famous French scientist, famous for his discoveries in the field of physics, mathematics and natural science. He was elected a member of many Academies of Sciences, including Paris and St. Petersburg. Ampere, the author of a theory explaining the connection between electrical and magnetic phenomena, put forward a hypothesis about the origin of magnetism and introduced the terms “electric current” and “electrodynamics” into scientific use. The scientist is responsible for the discovery of the effect of the Earth's magnetic field on current-carrying conductors in motion.

André Marie Ampère was born in Lyon on January 22, 1775. His parents were hereditary artisans and, despite their working-class origins, had a fairly high cultural level. The father of the future scientist, Jean-Jacques Ampere, had a good education, spoke several ancient languages, had a rich library, and was fond of the works of popular educators at that time. He even built the education of his children in the spirit of the pedagogical theory of Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

On the eve of the Great French Revolution, Jean-Jacques Ampère was appointed to the high position of royal prosecutor and, despite the subsequent fall of the Bastille and the ensuing persecution of the royalists, he supported the revolution. But he was very unlucky. A few years later, ultra-radical Jacobins came to power and began to exterminate many undesirables, including adherents of moderate views, which Father Andre Marie also held. As a result, arrest and a disappointing sentence - execution by guillotine. The “razor of the revolution” took the life of a worthy French citizen in November 1793, which was a terrible shock for the young man and all family members. The young man became despondent and did not touch books for almost 1.5 years.

From early childhood, the talented boy had a great thirst for knowledge. He did not attend school, but was able to independently master arithmetic and reading. Already at the age of 12, Ampere was considered by many to be a mathematical genius, and his personal teacher could teach him nothing more. By the age of 14, he had mastered the entire French Encyclopedia, but physical phenomena were of particular interest. Andre became a regular at the London College library, where he actively mastered the literature available there. To read the books of Euler and Bernoulli, he specially learned Latin.

First independent steps

Due to complete lack of money caused by the confiscation of family property, Ampère begins teaching mathematics at the private boarding house of Duprat and Olivier, while simultaneously getting a job at a school in the small town of Bourg, located near Lyon. In 1802, he successfully passed an interview with the commission, which declared him fit to conduct classes.

The miserable life of a poor teacher only sharpened Ampere’s craving for science. It was during this period that the young scientist put forward a hypothesis that explained magnetic and electrical phenomena using similar principles. Moreover, he once voiced his guess in the presence of himself at a meeting of the Lyon Academy.

His favorite mathematics, where Ampere is attracted by the theory of probability, does not go unnoticed. Soon he writes an essay “Reflections on the topic of mathematical game theory.” In it, the author proves that a player will always lose to an opponent who has more money. Andre Marie was immediately noticed at the Academy of Sciences and invited to teach at the Lyceum Lyceum. His career progressed and in 1804 Ampère moved to Paris as a tutor at the local Polytechnic School. Before moving to the capital, another bitter event happened in his life - the death of his beloved wife and the onset of loneliness, which prompted him to move.

After three years of tutoring, a period of independent study began, and soon Andre Marie became a professor of mathematical analysis and an examiner in mechanics. At the same time, he worked at the Advisory Bureau of Crafts and Arts, and in 1808 he took up the duties of the chief inspector of the university, which forced him to go on constant business trips.

In 1814, Ampère was elected a member of the Paris Academy in the geometry section, which seemed to indicate his mature scientific interests. But life made its own adjustments to this situation.

Discovery of electromagnetism

In 1820, Andre Marie attended a meeting of the French Academy of Sciences, at which information was announced about the discovery of the influence of electricity on the magnetic needle. Most academicians perceived this as an ordinary event, but not Ampere. He immediately began experimenting, turning his small room into a mini-laboratory, and even made a table himself, which became a real relic. Within two weeks, he formulated his conclusions, which influenced many branches of science.

Since the time of Newton, the belief about the parallelism of electricity and magnetism has been established. Many were sure that each of these phenomena lives according to its own laws. The facts obtained by Oersted were interpreted as follows: magnetization of the wire occurs as a result of exposure to electricity, which caused the effect on the arrow. Ampere did not agree with the generally accepted interpretation and formulated a bold and somewhat provocative idea - there are no magnetic charges at all, only electric ones exist, and the phenomenon of magnetism occurs from the movement of electric charges.

According to the scientist, magnetism arises from a huge number of tiny electrical atomic circuits. Each of them acts as a kind of “magnetic sheet” - the simplest magnetic two-terminal network. Therefore, it becomes clear why magnetic monopoles do not exist in nature, unlike electric ones. Ampere’s version in such a bold formulation is not supported by all scientists, but there is no doubt that it has become the most important prerequisite for affirming the idea of ​​the unity of nature. This required answering some pressing questions, in particular, presenting a complete theory of the interaction of currents. Ampere himself did an excellent job with the task.

In 1820, Ampere's rule was formulated to determine the effect of a magnetic field on a magnetic needle. According to this conclusion, the north pole will be at the end of the rod located to the left of the person who is moving in the direction of the current and is facing it. Soon the author confirmed the existence of an interaction between electric currents, called Ampere's law. It shows the strength of the magnetic field in relation to the conductor located inside it. The Frenchman empirically proved that parallel conductors begin to attract each other when current flows in one direction and repel when it flows in the opposite direction.

The direction of Ampere's force can be found out according to the left hand rule. We place the hand in such a way that the perpendicular vector of magnetic induction fits in the palm, and the four fingers are in an extended position in the direction of movement of charged particles in the conductor. In this case, the thumb set at an angle of 90° indicates the direction of the Ampere force.

Left hand rule

In 1822, André Marie described the magnetic effect of a solenoid. As Ampere himself argued, any electrical conductor creates a magnetic field next to it. Its lines of force form circles concentric with respect to the central line of the conductor, which are located in planes normal to the elements of the conductor. An even greater magnetic effect of electricity can be observed when a conducting wire is twisted into a series of parallel, mutually insulated rings.

The scientist called this conductor shape a solenoid. Conducting experiments with many materials, the author became convinced that iron completely loses its magnetic properties at zero current, while steel retains magnetism for a long time. But the greatest effect was demonstrated by specially designed electromagnets, essentially iron rods in a wire winding through which an electric current was passed.

Andre Marie outlined all the conclusions obtained in his own scientific work, published in 1826 and entitled “The Theory of Electrodynamic Phenomena, Derived Exclusively from Experience.”

Telegraph Ampere

The first meaningful attempts to create a device capable of transmitting certain signals over a distance began to be made at the end of the 18th century. The pioneer in this matter was Alain-René Lesage, who created the simplest design of two receivers and 24 insulated wires. Ampere also contributed to the development of this direction. In 1829, he proposed the idea of ​​a telegraph, which was based on Oersted's discovery. The scientist developed a transmitting device consisting of fifty wires and 25 magnetic needles attached to the axes. However, this project was not widely used, as it was rather impractical. It was assumed that each sign would have a separate wire and arrow.

We can say that Andre Marie was able to get ahead of the times. At that time, there were no devices that could recognize an electrical signal. Running a different wire for each letter, number or sign is very time-consuming and uneconomical. However, this invention was still useful - today electromagnetic switches operate on this principle.

Cybernetics and something else

In his fundamental work “Essay on the Philosophy of Sciences,” Ampere gave the concept of the new science of cybernetics. He understood it as the doctrine of governing the state to ensure the common good. Its first part was published in 1834, and the second was published after the death of the author in 1843. Andre Marie called the theory of laws an important element of cybernetics. In his opinion, it should study the origin of laws, anticipating the consequences generated by them. The author emphasized the fundamental importance of the manager’s personality, and therefore advocated the selection of the best candidates who are able to cope with their responsibilities.

Ampere also deduced the need for the existence of another scientific direction, as a branch of cybernetics - coenolbology, that is, the science of social happiness. He set before her the task of determining the best living conditions for peoples in order to create an optimal economic system for this. In fact, Andre Marie raised the question of the rationality of people's farming, which should contribute to universal happiness.

Among the scientist's inventions there were also things of a different nature. Thus, Ampere tried to create a new language of international communication, optimized the designs of kites and planned to write an epic poem. The Frenchman was one of the first to consider partial differential equations, which began to be called after Monge-Ampere. In chemistry, independently of Amedeo Avogadro, Ampere was able to derive the law of molar volumes of gases. In addition, he made attempts to systematize chemical elements according to their properties.

André Marie Ampère died of complications related to pneumonia on June 10, 1836, while on yet another assignment as chief inspector.

• Like many outstanding scientists, Ampere introduced a number of new terms into scientific circulation, including electrodynamics, cybernetics and kinematics.
• In addition to mathematics and physics, Andre Marie excelled in other scientific fields. In particular, his achievements were noted in chemistry, botany, linguistics and even philosophy.
• While reading Ampere's report on the interaction of conductors with currents, one of the scientists exclaimed that he had not heard anything new. After all, if currents influence the magnetic needle, then they are able to influence each other. The speaker was completely at a loss from such an attack, but his colleague Arago saved the situation. He took two keys out of his pocket and said that each of them affects the arrow, but does not affect each other.
• Ampere did not attend school for a single day, but thanks to his incredible thirst for knowledge he managed to become one of the most educated people of his time.
• The name of Andre Marie is included in the list of the greatest scientists of France, which is located on the first floor of the Eiffel Tower.
• In 1881, at the first International Congress of Electricians, which took place in Paris, a unit of current was named after Ampere.

Video

Andre Marie Ampere and electromagnetism.

Many people have probably often heard the word “ampere”, immediately attributing this concept to physics. Ampere is a unit of measurement of electric current. But have you ever wondered why and in whose honor the unit of current was named? Today we will present information about the biography of André Marie Ampere, an outstanding physicist and brilliant scientist, as well as his contribution to science, personal life, family and career.

Basic information from the life of a scientist

A short biography of André Marie Ampere says that he was a French physicist and one of the founders of electrodynamics. He was also an accomplished mathematician with interests in other areas of science such as history, philosophy and the natural sciences. Born at the height of the French Enlightenment, he grew up in an intellectually stimulating atmosphere. The France of his youth was marked by widespread developments in science and art, and the French Revolution, which began when he was a youth, also had a significant influence in shaping his future life.

The son of a prosperous entrepreneur, he was inspired by education, self-discovery and knowledge from an early youth, and was fond of mathematics and related sciences. Being a brilliant scientist with extensive and valuable knowledge in various fields, he also taught philosophy and astronomy at the University of Paris.

Interests

Along with his academic career, Ampère also engaged in scientific experimentation in various fields and was particularly intrigued by the work of Hans Christian Ørsted, who discovered the connection between electricity and magnetism. Ampere's biography reflects how much he influenced science. Becoming a follower of Oersted, through diligent laboratory work, Ampere made several more discoveries in this area, which made a huge contribution to the establishment of electromagnetism and electrodynamics as sciences. Ampere is considered one of the founders of this branch of theoretical physics. Ampere's biography will be briefly outlined in this article.

Andre Marie Family

Ampere was born on January 20, 1775 to Jean-Jacques Ampere and Jeanne Antoinette Desoutier-Sarcy Ampere. Jean-Jacques was a successful entrepreneur. Andre Ampere had two sisters.

The scientist's father was an admirer of the philosophy of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who believed that young boys should avoid formal education and should instead "learn from their environment." Thus, he did not send his son to school and instead allowed him to enlighten himself through the books in his well-stocked library.

As a child, Ampere was very inquisitive, which was good ground for the development of his further insatiable thirst for knowledge. Under the guidance of his father, he read books on mathematics, history, philosophy and natural sciences, as well as poetry. Along with his interest in the sciences, he was also interested in the Catholic faith, as his mother was a very devout woman.

He was particularly passionate about mathematics and began studying the subject seriously when he was 13 years old. His father encouraged his intellectual pursuits, found specialized books on the subject for his son, and arranged for him to receive mathematics lessons from the Abbé Daburon. At this time, Andre began to study physics.

The French Revolution began in 1789, when Andre was 14. His father was called into public service by the newly installed government and was sent to a small town near Lyon.

Ampère's family suffered tragedy when one of his sisters died in 1792. Another misfortune affecting his family occurred when the Jacobin faction seized control of the revolutionary government in 1792 and guillotined André's father in November 1793. Experiencing these terrible losses, he left his studies for a year. Career Ampère began working as a private teacher of mathematics in Lyon in 1797. He turned out to be an excellent teacher, and students quickly began to flock to him, with the goal of adopting knowledge and becoming a follower of the talented teacher. His success as a teacher attracted the attention of Ampère to the intellectuals of Lyon - they were amazed at the young man's wealth of knowledge.

Career

In 1799 he found permanent work as a mathematics teacher. Within a few years he was appointed professor of physics and chemistry at the Ecole Centrale in Bourg-en-Bresse in 1802. During this time, Andre also researched mathematics and prepared a work for publication entitled "Studies on the Mathematical Theory of Games", 1802.

Ampère became a teacher at the new, newly established Ecole Polytechnique in 1804. In addition to numerous talents in various fields, he also had a gift for teaching. In this regard, Andre became a professor of mathematics at the school in 1809, despite the lack of basic education in the broad sense of the concept (after all, he was taught individually). Ampère was elected to the French Academy of Sciences in 1814. Ampere's biography shows us that hard work is always rewarded.

He also pursued scientific research alongside his academic career and taught disciplines such as philosophy and astronomy at the University of Paris in 1819–20.

Ampere was greatly impressed by Oersted's discoveries regarding electromagnetism, so he took over the research initiative and began working on further discoveries. After careful experiments, Ampere showed that two parallel wires carrying electric currents attract or repel each other, depending on whether the currents flow in the same or opposite directions.

Naturally gifted, with a wealth of knowledge and skills in the exact sciences, Ampère used mathematics to generalize physical laws from experimental results. After years of intensive research and experimentation, Ampère published Reflections on the Mathematical Theory of Electrodynamic Phenomena Uniquely Deduced from Experiment in 1827. The new science of "electrodynamics" was named as such and summarized in this work, which became known as its seminal treatise.

This is a short biography of Andre Ampere.

Main works

The scientist derived a law (named in his honor) which states that the mutual action of two lengths of conductive wire is proportional to their lengths and the intensity of their currents.

Ampere invented the astatic needle, which is almost the most important component of the modern astatic galvanometer.

Awards and achievements

In 1827 Ampère became a Fellow of the Royal Society and a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Sciences in Sweden in 1828. But this is just a drop in the sea. The great scientist made an invaluable contribution to the development of science.

Personal life and legacy

André Marie Ampère married Catherine Antoinette Carron in 1799. Their son was born a year later, they named him in honor of his grandfather ─ Jean-Jacques.

However, a tragedy struck the young family - the scientist’s wife fell ill with cancer and died in 1803.

André married Jeanne-Françoise Poteau in 1806. This union seemed unsuccessful to many from the very beginning. And indeed, the couple broke up shortly after the birth of their daughter.

Ampere died in the city of Marseille on June 10, 1836 from pneumonia. Ampere's biography is quite tragic if we consider areas of life not related to his professional activities.

A short biography of Andre Ampere says that his name is one of the 72 names written on the Eiffel Tower.

Great Achievements

The life of the greatest scientist is closely connected with scientific activity. We will impromptu consider 5 most important events in the biography of Andre Marie Ampere related to his scientific activities.

1. Discovery concerning fluorine. In 1810, André-Marie Ampère proposed that hydrofluoric acid was a compound of hydrogen and an unknown element, the properties of which he said were similar to chlorine. He coined the term "fluorine" for this element, suggesting that F could be isolated by electrolysis. 76 years later, the French chemist Henri Moisan finally isolated fluorine (he did this by electrolysis at the suggestion of Ampere.
2. He proposed his own version of element identification. In 1816, Ampère proposed to list chemical elements according to their properties. At that time, only 48 elements were known, and Andre tried to place them into 15 groups. He successfully grouped alkali metals, alkaline earth metals and halogens. Fifty-three years after his attempt to organize the elements, Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev published his famous periodic table.
3. He came up with the “right hand rule”. André-Marie Ampère developed a rule known as the right-hand rule to determine the direction of deflection of a compass needle relative to the direction in which electric current flowed along a wire. In this rule, if the observer's right hand is supposed to grasp the wire through which the current is flowing, with the thumb pointing along the wire in the direction of the current. The fingers then curl around the wire to indicate the direction in which the compass needle will deflect. Ampere's rule is still used by students to calculate the direction of magnetic field lines.
4. Oersted experimentally pointed out the connection between electricity and magnetism in 1820. After a short time, André-Marie Ampère discovered that two parallel wires carrying electric current repel or attract each other. This depends on whether their directions coincide or differ, respectively. Thus, Ampère showed for the first time that magnetic attraction and repulsion could be obtained without the use of magnets.
5. André-Marie Ampère applied mathematics to his experiments with electromagnetism to formulate physical laws. The most important of them is Ampere's force law (formulated in 1823) - shows that the occurrence of attraction or repulsion between two wires carrying currents directly depends on the length and intensity of the current passing through them. The physical origin of this force is that each wire generates a magnetic field.

Cybernetics

There are many definitions of cybernetics. Norbert Wiener, a mathematician, engineer and social philosopher, coined the word “cybernetics,” which comes from the Greek language and means “helmsman.” He defined it as the science of communication and control of living organisms and machines. Ampere, even before Wiener, called cybernetics the science of government. Andre called an important element of this science a branch that should study laws, their origin and impact on society.

We looked at the biography of Marie Ampere.

André-Marie Ampère(fr. André-Marie Ampere; January 20, 1775 - June 10, 1836) - famous French physicist, mathematician and natural scientist, member of the Paris Academy of Sciences (1814). Member of many academies of sciences, in particular a foreign honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1830). He created the first theory that expressed the connection between electrical and magnetic phenomena. Ampère owns a hypothesis about the nature of magnetism; he introduced the concept of “ electricity" James Maxwell called Ampere the "Newton of electricity."

short biography

Ampère was born in Lyon and educated at home. After the death of his father, who was guillotined in 1793, Ampère was first a tutor at the École Polytechnique in Paris, then he occupied the chair of physics at Bourque, and from 1805, the chair of mathematics at the École Polytechnique in Paris, where he also distinguished himself in the literary field, making his first essay: “ Considerations sur la theory mathematique du jeu"("Discourses on the mathematical theory of games", Lyon, 1802).

In 1814 he was elected a member of the Academy of Sciences, and from 1824 he served as professor of experimental physics at the College de France. Ampère died on June 10, 1836 in Marseille.

His name is included in the list of the greatest scientists of France, placed on the first floor of the Eiffel Tower.

André Marie's son, Jean-Jacques Ampère (1800-1864), was a famous philologist.

Scientific activity

Mathematics, mechanics and physics owe important research to Ampere. His main physical work was carried out in the field of electrodynamics. In 1820, he established a rule for determining the direction of action of a magnetic field on a magnetic needle, now known as Ampere's rule; conducted many experiments to study the interaction between a magnet and electric current; for these purposes he created a number of devices; discovered that the Earth's magnetic field affects moving current-carrying conductors. In the same year, he discovered the interaction between electric currents, formulated the law of this phenomenon (Ampere's law), developed the theory of magnetism, and proposed the use of electromagnetic processes for transmitting signals.

According to Ampere's theory, magnetic interactions are the result of the interactions of so-called circular molecular currents occurring in bodies, equivalent to small flat magnets, or magnetic sheets. This statement is called Ampere's theorem. Thus, a large magnet, according to Ampere’s ideas, consists of many such elementary magnets. This is the essence of the scientist’s deep conviction in the purely current origin of magnetism and its close connection with electrical processes.

In 1822, Ampere discovered the magnetic effect of a solenoid (coil with current), which led to the idea that a solenoid is equivalent to a permanent magnet. They were also asked to enhance the magnetic field using an iron core placed inside the solenoid. Ampere's ideas were presented in his works "Code of electrodynamic observations"(fr. "Recueil d'observations electrodynamiques", Paris, 1822), "Short course on the theory of electrodynamic phenomena"(fr. "Precis de la theory des phenomenes electrodynamiques", Paris, 1824), "Theory of electrodynamic phenomena"(fr. "Theorie des phenomenes electrodynamiques"). In 1826, he proved a theorem about the circulation of the magnetic field. In 1829, Ampère invented devices such as the commutator and the electromagnetic telegraph.

In mechanics, he is responsible for the formulation of the term “kinematics”.

In 1830 he introduced the term “cybernetics” into scientific circulation.

Ampere's versatile talent also left a mark on the history of the development of chemistry, which gives him one of the honorable pages and considers him, together with Avogadro, the author of the most important law of modern chemistry.

In honor of the scientist, the unit of electric current is called the “ampere”, and the corresponding measuring instruments are called “ammeters”.

Some of Ampere's research relates to botany, as well as philosophy, in particular "Sketches on the Philosophy of Science"(fr. "Essais sur la philosophie des sciences", 2 vols., 1834-43; 2nd edition, 1857).

Biography

Andre-Marie Ampere is a famous French physicist, mathematician and natural scientist, member of the Paris Academy of Sciences (1814). Member of many academies of sciences, in particular a foreign honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1830). He created the first theory that expressed the connection between electrical and magnetic phenomena. Ampere came up with a hypothesis about the nature of magnetism; he introduced the concept of “electric current” into physics. James Maxwell called Ampere the "Newton of electricity."

short biography

Ampère was born in Lyon and educated at home. After the death of his father, guillotined in 1793, Ampere was first a tutor at the Ecole Polytechnique in Paris, then occupied the chair of physics in Bourque, and from 1805 - the chair of mathematics at the Paris Ecole Polytechnique, where he also showed himself in the literary field, first appearing with the essay: “Considerations sur la thèorie mathematique du jeu "("Discourses on the mathematical theory of games", Lyon, 1802).

In 1814 he was elected a member of the Academy of Sciences, and from 1824 he served as professor of experimental physics at the College de France. Ampère died on June 10, 1836 in Marseille.

His name is included in the list of the greatest scientists of France, placed on the first floor of the Eiffel Tower.

André Marie's son, Jean-Jacques Ampère (1800-1864), was a famous philologist.

Scientific activity

Mathematics, mechanics and physics owe important research to Ampere. His main physical work was carried out in the field of electrodynamics. In 1820, he established a rule for determining the direction of action of a magnetic field on a magnetic needle, now known as Ampere's rule; conducted many experiments to study the interaction between a magnet and electric current; for these purposes he created a number of devices; discovered that the Earth's magnetic field affects moving current-carrying conductors. In the same year, he discovered the interaction between electric currents, formulated the law of this phenomenon (Ampere's law), developed the theory of magnetism, and proposed the use of electromagnetic processes for transmitting signals.

According to Ampere's theory, magnetic interactions are the result of the interactions of so-called circular molecular currents occurring in bodies, equivalent to small flat magnets, or magnetic sheets. This statement is called Ampere's theorem. Thus, a large magnet, according to Ampere’s ideas, consists of many such elementary magnets. This is the essence of the scientist’s deep conviction in the purely current origin of magnetism and its close connection with electrical processes.

In 1822, Ampere discovered the magnetic effect of a solenoid (coil with current), which led to the idea that a solenoid is equivalent to a permanent magnet. They were also asked to enhance the magnetic field using an iron core placed inside the solenoid. Ampere's ideas were presented by him in the works "Code of Electrodynamic Observations" (French "Récueil d'observations électrodynamiques", Paris, 1822), "Short Course in the Theory of Electrodynamic Phenomena" (French "Precis de la thèorie des phenomenes électrodynamiques", Paris, 1824), “Theory of electrodynamic phenomena” (French “Thèorie des phenomenes électrodynamiques”). In 1826, he proved a theorem about the circulation of the magnetic field. In 1829, Ampère invented devices such as the commutator and the electromagnetic telegraph.

In mechanics, he is responsible for the formulation of the term “kinematics”.

In 1830 he introduced the term “cybernetics” into scientific circulation.

Ampere's versatile talent also left a mark on the history of the development of chemistry, which gives him one of the honorable pages and considers him, together with Avogadro, the author of the most important law of modern chemistry.

In honor of the scientist, the unit of electric current is called the “ampere”, and the corresponding measuring instruments are called “ammeters”.

Some of Ampere's studies relate to botany, as well as philosophy, in particular “Sketches on the Philosophy of Science” (French “Essais sur la philosophie des Sciences”, 2 vols., 1834-43; 2nd edition, 1857).