Linguistic terms used in the etymological dictionary. Dictionary of linguistic terms Linguistic terms
Ablative– a deferential (or initial) case existing in some languages, equivalent to our genitive with the prepositions from, with, from. In the language, it coincided with the genitive, and some of its forms were lost, while others were preserved as forms of the genitive case.
Agentive meaning– the meaning of the character.
Akanye. By akan in the narrow sense we mean the coincidence of the sounds o and a in a pre-stressed syllable in one sound [ʌ], acoustically close to the stressed a. The development of Akanya in the Russian language is reflected in written monuments from the 14th century. In cases where the spelling followed the pronunciation, in place of the etymological o in the spelling, “illegal” a sometimes appeared (see. tacky, kalach, ferry and so on.).
Anthroponyms– first names, patronymics and last names.
Aorist- aspectual-tense verbal form in Indo-European languages, used to designate a past action as such, as instantaneous, i.e., regardless of its development or completeness of completion, limit.
Argo– conventional expressions and words used by any isolated social or professional group, its conventional language.
Morphological-syntactic method of word formation– the emergence of new words as a result of the transition of lexical units or their forms from one part of speech to another (see. tailor, idol, essence, flammable, almost etc.).
Prosthetic sound- a new consonant sound formed at the beginning of a word before vowels to facilitate pronunciation. Such sounds in Slavic languages were the consonants v and j. The sound in developed before ъ, ы, о (see. scream, eight, get used to it etc.), and j – before ь, е, ě (yat), а (see ulcer, lamb, etc.).
Rederication- a method of word formation, with the help of which new words are created in the same way as with suffixation and prefixation, but in a direction perceived as the opposite (cf. umbrella - from umbrella, flask - from flask, frighten - from puzhat, etc. ).
Reduplication– the same as .
Actually Russian. Actually Russian words are words known only in Russian. In the overwhelming majority of cases, these are words that arose in the Russian language during the era of the separate existence of the three East Slavic languages (mainly in the period from the 15th century to the present).
Complication- the transformation of a word that had a non-derivative base into a structural unit of a derivative nature (see umbrella, flask, etc.).
Ellipsis– omission of an element of an utterance that is easily restored in a given context or situation.
Enantiosemy– development of opposite meanings in a word (see. probably, honor, notorious and so on.).
Enclitic form– not a full, but a short form of personal and reflexive pronouns in some indirect cases.
A brief dictionary of linguistic terms
Muallif: R. NabievaYaratilgan : Angren, 2005
Category: Linguistics
Bolim: Terminology
University: Toshkent viloyati davlat pedagogy institute
Faculty: Khorizhiy tillar
Kafedra: Uzbekistonda democrat jamiyat qurish nazariyasi va amaliyoti hamda falsafa
Elektron fails: RAR
A brief dictionary of linguistic terms is addressed to students of philology of the Russian-Tajik department of pedagogical universities; it is compiled on the basis of many years of teaching activity of the authors.
The advantage of this dictionary is its emphasis on the most commonly used terms that reflect the issues of the entire training course. Many dictionary entries not only provide references to the source language, but also reveal the main features of the phenomena denoted by a particular term, illustrated with relevant examples.
The methodological manual contributes to the most effective assimilation of educational material by students, expansion of the linguistic and general educational horizons of the future literature teacher
Preface
“A brief dictionary of linguistic terms” is compiled as an educational and training dictionary, necessary in the student audience with Russian and Tajik languages of instruction. It is intended for students studying in the specialties “Foreign languages”, “Russian language and literature”, “Native language and literature”.
About the construction of a dictionary.
The dictionary covers only the most commonly used terms from disciplines of general linguistics.
Words - terms are arranged in alphabetical order.
Each term, together with the material related to it, forms a dictionary entry.
It is well known that compiling such dictionaries is a difficult and painstaking task, so there may be some omissions in the proposed dictionary.
Abbreviation- a compound word made up of initial elements: department store, university, UN.
Agglutination– mechanical attachment of standard unambiguous affixes to unchangeable stems or roots: bola – bolalar – bolalar ha; id(ti) – id And- go those .
Accommodation– partial adaptation of articulations of adjacent consonant and vowel sounds: carried [n’os], row [r’at], what, was.
Active vocabulary- part of the vocabulary of the language, actively used in all spheres of society.
Alloforms– a variant of a morpheme identical in meaning, a given specific manifestation of a phoneme: friend - friend - friend - ; English [-z], [-s], [-iz]– as indicators of the plural of nouns.
Allophones– a group of sounds in which a given phoneme is realized, a specific manifestation of the phoneme: I caught a catfish myself [sma pimal sma].
Altai family- a macrofamily of languages, uniting, on the basis of supposed genetic belonging, the Turkic, Mongolian, Tungus-Manchu groups of languages and the isolated Korean and Japanese languages.
Alphabet letters- a trophic system in which a separate sign conveys a separate sound.
Amorphous languages– isolating languages, which are characterized by the absence of inflectional and morphological forms, root languages; These include the languages of the Sino-Tibetan family: gao shan - “high mountains”, shan gao “high mountains”, hao ren - “good person”, ren hao - “man loves me”, siyu hao - “do good”, hao dagwih - “very dear”.
Analytical form of the word– a complex form of a word formed by a combination of a function and a significant word: stronger, better.
Analogy- the process of assimilation of some elements of a language to others, related to it, but more widespread and productive.
Antonyms– words belonging to the same part of speech, having opposite but correlative meanings: young - old, day - night.
Argo(French Argot. “jargon”) - the secret language of a socially limited group of the population that opposes itself to other people: thieves' argot, student argot, school argot.
Argotisms– words limited in their use socially, being emotionally expressive equivalents of stylistically neutral words of a literary language: cut off - “fail the exam”, tail - “failed exam”, memorize - “learn”.
Archaisms– outdated name of existing realities; obsolete words replaced in modern language by synonyms: lovitva – “hunting”, bosom – “chest”, neck – “neck”.
Assimilation– likening sounds to each other within a word or phrase: bone - bones [bones], little book - book [knishk], high - highest [vyshii], deception - [mman].
Affixes– service morphemes that modify the meaning of the root or express the relationship between words in a phrase and sentence.
Affixation– 1. creation of a new word by adding certain affixes to the generating stem (or word); 2. a way of expressing grammatical meanings using affixes.
Affiliating languages– languages in which affixes play an important role in their grammatical structure.
Affixoid– affixes that occupy an intermediate position between root and auxiliary morphemes, by origin go to independent roots and words: linguistics, literary studies, geosciences, airlines, airmail.
Africates– (Latin Affricata “ground in”) sounds in which the bow opens gradually, with a slit phase following the bow: [h], [y].
B
Lateral consonants– (lateral) sounds formed by the passage of air along the sides of the closure of the tip of the tongue with teeth or alveoli, as well as the middle part of the tongue with the hard palate: [l], [l’].
IN
Morpheme valency– the ability of a morpheme to be combined with other morphemes. Multivalent (multivalent) and univalent (univalent) ): in verbs, But groom, glass bead, priest.
Options– 1. phonemes in a weak position, a position of non-distinction: val - ox, But [vly]. 2. word forms that differ in external form, but have the same grammatical meaning: water Ouch- water oh .
Variations– shades of a phoneme in a strong position under conditions of positional conditioning: five [p’at’], knead [m’at’].
Plosives- sounds in which the bow formed by the lips, tongue and palate, tongue and teeth opens instantly: [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [d].
Internal inflection– a way of expressing grammatical meanings, consisting in a sound change of the root: English foot - leg, feet, lock - lock, die - die.
Internal form of a word– semantic and structural motivation of a word by another word on the basis of which it arose: fly agaric, blueberry, boletus, five hundred, forester, shoemaker.
Excerpt– location of the speech organs at the moment of sound production, the articulatory phase after the excursion, but preceding the recursion.
Haplology– simplification of the syllabic structure of a word due to the loss of one of two identical syllables immediately following each other: military leader vm . military leader, standard bearer vm . standard bearer, mineralogy vm. Mineralogy.
Genealogical classification of languages- classification of languages based on linguistic kinship: Indo-European, Turkic, Semitic and other languages.
Geographical classification– determination of the area of a language (or dialect), taking into account the boundaries of its linguistic features.
Verb- a significant part of speech that combines words denoting an action or state.
Vowels- speech sounds consisting only of voice: [i], [y], [e], [o], [a].
Talk- a set of idiolects characteristic of a territorially limited group of people.
Grammatical category- a set of homogeneous grammatical forms opposed to each other: category of species - opposition (opposition) of the imperfect species to the perfect; the category of number is the opposition of singular and plural.
Grammatical form- material form of expression of grammatical meaning.
Grammatical meaning- abstract linguistic content of a grammatical unit that has a regular expression in the language; “This is an abstraction of characteristics and relationships” (A.A. Reformatsky).
Grammema- unit of grammatical meaning.
Grammar field- combining words based on common grammatical meaning: time field, modality field, collateral field.
Two-Part Sentences- a two-member syntactic complex in which two main members (subject and predicate) or a group of subject and a group of predicate are formally expressed.
Delimitive function of the phoneme- (Latin limities “border, line”) function of designating the boundary between two consecutive units (morphemes, words).
Denotation- an object or phenomenon of extra-linguistic reality that must be called by some word.
Denotative meaning of the word- the relationship of a phonetic word to a specific designated object, the object of speech.
De-etymologization- the process of loss of internal form, when a previously motivated word becomes unmotivated: story
Dialect- a set of dialects united by intrastructural linguistic unity.
Dialectisms- words that make up the dialects of a particular language.
Diachrony- dynamics of language, development of language over time, learning of language in the process of development.
Dissimilation- articulatory differentiation of sounds: ice blue
Distant sound changes- a change in sounds located at some distance from each other.
Disreza- removing an unpronounceable sound from a word: heart [s"erts", reed [trsn"ik].
Addition- a minor member of the sentence expressing the objective meaning: read a book, happy with success.
Trembling consonants- vibrants: [р], [р"].
Rear consonants- sounds produced by the convergence of the back of the tongue with the soft palate: [k], [g], [x].
Law of Ascending Sonority- arrangement of sounds within a syllable from least sonorous to most sonorous: in-yes, good-bro, co-suit.
Laws of language development- internal laws of language development: the law of open syllables, the law of economy of speech effort (blueberry law of deafening of final voiced consonants, law of outgoing sonority.
Closed syllable- a syllable ending with a non-syllable sound:
cliff, wolf.
Voiced consonants- sounds during the articulation of which the vocal cords are tense and in a state of vibration.
Sound of speech- the minimum unit of speech chain resulting from articulation.
Significant words- words that have an independent lexical meaning, are capable of functioning as members of a sentence, are structurally designed, and have their own stress : homeland, capital, first, calm.
Meaning of affixes- derivational (word-forming) and relational (word-modifying): boot > shoemaker > shoemaker - ah, shoemaker.
Meaning of the word- a product of human mental activity, expressing the relationship of a language fact to an extra-linguistic fact, the relationship of a word to the designated object.
Indo-European family- one of the largest and most studied families of Eurasian languages.
Interfix- a service morpheme standing between the stems of a compound word or between roots and a suffix, serving to connect them into a single whole: house-o-build.
Intonation- a set of rhythmic and melodic components of speech, serving as a means of expressing syntactic meanings and the emotional and expressive coloring of a statement.
Historicisms- obsolete words that have fallen out of use due to the disappearance of objects or phenomena of objective reality: boyar, steward, altyn.
Historical alternation of sounds- alternation not determined by phonetic position from the point of view of the modern phonetic system of a given language: spirit/soul, cart/drive.
High-quality reduction- weakened pronunciation of a sound in a weak position due to a reduction in its duration : steam locomotive [parvos].
Cyrillic- Slavic alphabet created by the Slavic first teachers Cyril (Constantine) and his brother Methodius.
Classification of morphemes- identifying them within a word according to place, function, degree of reproducibility.
Classification of languages- distribution of languages into groups based on certain characteristics in accordance with the principles underlying the study: genealogical (genetic), typological (morphological), geographical (areal).
Book vocabulary- words that are stylistically limited and belong to book styles of speech.
Koine- a language that serves as a means of interdialectal communication, which arose on the basis of one common dialect: Ancient Greek Koine (Attic dialect), Old Russian Koine (Polan dialect).
Quantitative reduction- reduction in the duration of a sound depending on its position in relation to the stress. Hand-hand-mitten [hand], [hand], [mitten].
Combinatorial changes in sounds- phonetic processes caused by the interaction of sounds in the stream of speech: assimilation, dissimilation, accommodation, haplology, dieresis, prosthesis, epenthesis, metathesis.
Communicative units of language- sentences that report something, express and formulate thoughts, feelings, expression of will, and carry out communication between people.
Conversion- a morphological-syntactic way of forming words by moving from one part of speech to another: substantivization, adjectivation, adverbialization, pronominalization.
Contact sounds changes- interaction of neighboring sounds : fairy tale - [sk].
Root- a morpheme of the common part of related words, expressing and predetermining the lexical meaning of the word.
Correlation- correspondence of phonemes according to the place and method of formation and their opposition according to one DP (voiced-voiced, hard-soft ): , .
Criteria for distinguishing between homonymy and polysemy- 1. polysemy has a common seme, homonymy does not; 2. homonymy is characterized by a divergence of word-formation series; 3. homonymy is characterized by different compatibility; 4. homonymy is characterized by the absence of synonymous relations.
Labialized vowels- rounded, during the formation of which the lips come closer together, reducing the exit opening and lengthening the oral resonator.
Token- a unit of the content plan, the sound shell of a word, is opposed to the sememe - its content.
Lexicology- a branch of the science of language that studies the word and vocabulary of the language as a whole.
Lexico-semantic group- a set of words of one part of speech with intralingual connections based on interdependent and interconnected elements of meaning related to one part of speech LSG words with the meaning of time or space.
Lexico-semantic system- a set of linguistic elements that are in relationships and connections with each other, which forms a certain integrity, unity.
Lexico-syntactic method of word formation- creating a new word by merging a combination of words into one unit: that hour > immediately, this day > today.
Linkos (
Literary language- the highest supra-dialectal form of language, standardized and having a wide range of functional styles.
Logical stress- transfer of stress from the last one in the syntagm to any other in order to enhance the semantic load : I Today I'll go home; weather beautiful.
Melody of speech- the main component of intonation, carried out by raising and lowering the voice in a phrase, organizes the phrase, dividing it into syntagms and rhythmic groups, connecting its parts.
Pronoun- part of speech indicating an object, sign, quantity, but not naming them; substitution words forming a parallel system.
Metathesis- rearrangement of sounds or syllables in a word: cheesecake
Metaphor- figurative meaning based on similarity in a variety of characteristics: color, shape, quality: silver frost, golden man, wave crest.
Metonymy- figurative meaning based on spatial or temporal contiguity: " No. She silver- on gold ate." A.S. Griboyedov. "Read willingly Apuleius, A Cicero I haven’t read it." A.S. Pushkin.
Polysemy of the word(or polysemy) - the presence of several interconnected meanings for the same word: OS field: 1. treeless plain; 2. land cultivated for sowing; 3. large area; 4. a blank line along the edge of a page in a book.
Morph- a limiting unit that is distinguished at the morphemic level, but does not have the property of regular reproducibility: currant -, small -, English. huckle -, highlighted in the words currant, raspberry, huckleberry.
Morpheme- the minimum significant part of a word that is not divided into smaller units of the same level : green - ovate, yellow - ovate.
Morpheme-operation- 1. suprasegmental morpheme: stress: pour - pour, legs - legs; 2. meaningful alternation : torn - torn, naked - naked; 3.suppletivism: the formation of grammatical forms from different stems: child - children, take - take, person - people.
Morphological grammatical categories- expressions of grammatical meanings by lexical-grammatical classes - significant parts of speech: GK aspect, voice, tense, mood (verb), GK gender, number, case (name).
Morphological method of word formation- creation of new words by combining morphemes according to the rules existing in the language: youth, son - ok.
Morphology- a branch of linguistics that studies the grammatical properties of words, their inflection (paradigmatics of words), as well as ways of expressing abstract grammatical meanings, develops the doctrine of parts of speech.
Morphonology- a branch of linguistics that studies the phoneme as an element of the construction of a morpheme, the connection between phonology and morphology.
Moscow phonological school - determines the phoneme based on the morpheme; phoneme is a structural component of a morpheme, the identity of the morpheme determines the boundaries and volume of the phoneme: forests and fox, catfish and herself, where unstressed vowels, despite the identity of their sound, represent different phonemes.
Motivation of the word- semantic and structural motivation by another word on the basis of which it arose: fly agaric, blueberry, boletus, twenty.
Soft consonants(or palatal) - sounds, during the formation of which there is an additional rise of the middle part of the back of the tongue to the hard palate and the movement of the entire mass of the tongue forward : [b"], [c"], [d"], [t"], [l"], [r"], [n"], [m"].
Adverb- lexico-grammatical class of unchangeable words denoting a sign of a characteristic, action or object: Very good man, run fast, eggs soft-boiled.
Folk etymology- arbitrary interpretation of the etymon of a word due to sound coincidences, false associations: gulvar vm. boulevard, microscope vm. microscope.
Neutral vocabulary- words that are emotionally neutral, expressively uncolored: water, earth, summer, wind, thunderstorm, distant, play, run.
Unlabialized vowels- unrounded vowels formed without the participation of the lips: [i], [e], [a], [s].
Neologisms- new words denoting a new reality (object or concept), which have appeared in the language recently, retaining a touch of freshness and unusualness, and are included in the passive vocabulary : sponsor, video clip, fax, voucher, computer, display.
Fixed stress- constant stress tied to the same morpheme of different word forms of a word : book, books, book.
Non-positional alternation- alternations not determined by the phonetic position of the sound in a word (historical alternations): drives - driving [d"/td"], face - face - face.
Nominative units- units of language (words, phrases) used to designate objects, concepts, ideas.
Norm- a traditionally established system of rules for the use of linguistic means, which are recognized by society as mandatory.
Nasal vowels- sounds in the formation of which the soft palate is lowered, air passes into the nasal cavity: nasal vowels in Polish, Portuguese, French.
Nasal consonants- sounds, during the formation of which the soft palate is lowered and opens the passage of air into the nasal cavity: [m], [m"], [n], [n"].
Zero morpheme- a morpheme that is not expressed materially, but has grammatical meaning : house - Oh, on the house - a, house - y, carried - Oh, but carried - l - a, carried - l - i. Revealed in paradigms by contrast, positively expressed morphemes.
Circumstance- a minor member of the sentence, extending and explaining the members of the sentence with the meaning of an action or attribute, or the sentence as a whole, and denoting where, when, under what circumstances the action is performed, indicating the condition, reason, purpose of its implementation, as well as the measure, degree and way of its manifestation: stay too long until late.
General subject assignment- the attribution of the concept of a word to a whole class of denotations that have common characteristics: table denotes any table, regardless of the number of legs, material, purpose.
General linguistics- study of the general laws of organization, development and functioning of languages.
Popular vocabulary- words known and used by all native speakers, regardless of their place of residence, profession, or lifestyle.
One-part sentences- one-component sentences that have a gradation depending on the belonging of the main member of the sentence to one or another part of speech: verbal (impersonal, infinitive, definitely personal, indefinitely personal, generalized personal) and subjective (nominative).
Occasionalisms- words created by authors for certain stylistic purposes lose their expressiveness outside of contexts and are incomprehensible to a native speaker: kuchelbeckerno, ogoncharovan, melancholy (Pushkin); huge, multi-length, hammer-shaped, sickle-shaped (Mayakovsky).
Homographs- words that are the same in their spelling, but have different sounds and meanings: road - road, already - already, flour - flour, castle - castle.
Homonymy- sound coincidence of units of different meanings : key "spring" and the key "tool", marriage "flaw" and marriage "marriage".
Omafins- words that sound the same but have different spellings : fruit - raft, code - cat.
Omoforms- partial homonyms that coincide only in a number of grammatical forms: fist "clenched hand" and fist "rich peasant" there is no match in the shape of the wines here. p.un. and many more numbers.
Definition- a minor member of a sentence, extending and explaining any member of a sentence with an objective meaning and denoting a sign, quality or property of an object: ground strap, untucked shirt.
Base word- part of the word form that remains if the ending and formative affix are taken away from it, and with which the lexical meaning of this word is associated: cows, milk.
Basic lexical meaning- meaning directly related to the reflection of phenomena of objective reality, this is the primary, stylistically neutral meaning of the word : book, notebook.
Basic units of the grammatical structure of a language- is a morpheme, word, phrase, sentence.
Open syllable- syllables ending with a syllabic sound: ma-ma, mo-lo-ko.
Negative sentences- sentences in which the content of the sentence is stated to be unreal.
Paradigm- 1. a set of grammatical forms of a word: house- im.p., Houses- r.p., home- date etc. etc. 2. a set of invariants and variants of linguistic units in paradigmatic relationships.
Paronyms- consonant words with the same root, belonging to the same part of speech, having structural similarity, but differing in meaning: introduce - provide, adviser - adviser, put on (a hat) - dress (a child).
Passive vocabulary- words that have fallen out or are falling out of use, but are mostly understandable to native speakers, archaisms and historicisms : arshin, broadcast, kiss, verb, boyar, stolnik, altyn, etc.
Front lingual consonants- sounds in the formation of which the front part and tip of the tongue work : [t], [d], [l], [r] and etc.
Transitivity of parts of speech- the transition of words from one part of speech to another due to conversion: canteen, worker, students, workers(substantivization), summer, evening, morning(adverbialization), etc. .
Perceptive function of phoneme- the function of bringing speech sounds to perception, it makes it possible to perceive and recognize the sounds of speech and their combinations with the organ of hearing, facilitating the identification of the same words and morphemes: milk mushroom[grus "t"] and milk mushrooms[load "d"i] identification of the root due to the perceptive function and generality of meaning.
St. Petersburg (Leningrad) phonological school- determines the phoneme on the basis of the phonetic criterion of identity according to physiological and acoustic characteristics: in words grass And Houses for both words, a phoneme is allocated in the first pre-stressed syllable , and in words pond And rod at the end of the word phoneme .
Movable stress- stress that can move in different word forms of the same word, it is not tied to one morpheme : water, water, water etc.
Subject- the main member of the sentence, indicating the logical subject to which the predicate refers: Sun disappeared behind the mountain.
Vowel raising- degree of tongue elevation, degree of its vertical displacement: lower elevation, middle elevation, upper elevation [A]- lower under., [e], [o],- Wed under., [i], [s], [y]- upper rise.
Positional changes of sounds- changes in sounds due to their position in a word, which leads to reduction: cow - [kрвъ], gardens, but garden - [sat].
Positional alternations of sounds- alternations determined by phonetic position, phonetic laws operating in the language: water - water alternation [o/], oaks - oak - [b/p].
Position- a condition for the implementation of a phoneme in speech, its position in a word in relation to stress, another phoneme, the structure of the word as a whole: a strong position when the phoneme reveals its differential characteristics. For vowels, this is the stressed position: arch, hand, for consonants before all vowels: tom - house, before sonorants : splash - shine etc.
Polysemy or polysemy of a word- the presence of several interrelated meanings for the same word: board "construction material", board "class equipment" etc.
Polysynthetic languages- languages in which, within one word, different affixes can convey a whole complex of grammatical meanings: Chukchi myt - kupre - gyn - rit - yr - kyn, “we save the network.”
Complete sentences- sentences that have all structurally necessary members (subject and predicate): The river riffles became foggy.
Full homonyms- coincidence of members of the homonymous series in all grammatical forms: beam "crossbar" and beam "ravine".
Full synonyms (or absolute)- synonyms that completely coincide in their meanings and usage or differ in minor shades: linguistics - linguistics, cold - frost, headless - brainless.
Concept is a thought that reflects objects and phenomena of reality in a generalized form by recording their properties and relationships.
Postfix- a morpheme behind inflection, used to form new words (someone, something) or new forms of words ( let's go, go).
Parent language- the language that is the basis of the historical community of related languages: Proto-Indo-European language, Proto-Slavic language, Proto-Iranian language, etc.
Offer- a syntactic construction that represents a grammatically organized combination of words (or a word) that has semantic and intonation completeness.
Prefix- the morpheme that comes before the root serves to form new words (grandfather-great-grandfather) or forms of words ( funny - very funny).
Prefixoid- an affixoid used as a prefix and taking its place in a word: airlines, introspection.
Signs of a word- uniformity or integrity, distinctiveness, free reproducibility in speech, semantic valence, non-two-stress.
Adjective- a part of speech that combines words with the meaning of a sign (property) of an object. “Without a noun there is no adjective” (L.V. Shcherba). New month.
Adjacency- a type of subordinating syntactic connection in which the dependent word, without inflection forms, is adjacent to the main word : go up, go down.
Progressive combinatorial changes in sounds- occur in the direction from the preceding to the subsequent under the influence of the articulation of the preceding sound on the pronunciation of the subsequent one : rus. dial . Vanka, Vanka, English . dog > dogs.
Productive affix is an affix that is widely used to form new words or new forms of a word: suf. - Nick meaning "a room for someone": cowshed, poultry house, pigsty.
Proclitic- these are unstressed function words adjacent to the stressed words in front: on business, in the mountains.
Colloquial vocabulary- part of the national vocabulary, characterized by a specific expressive and stylistic coloring: grab, force, sneak and etc.
Prosthesis- the appearance of an additional sound at the absolute beginning of a word, substitution: eight sharp.
Professionalisms- words that make up the speech’s belonging to a particular professional group: galley, cook, flask - in the speech of sailors; hat, basement, stripe - in the speech of journalists.
Colloquial and everyday vocabulary- words used in casual speech, in the styles of fiction and journalism to achieve artistic expressiveness: nonsense, hard worker, reader, lanky, quick, get out, chatter, yeah, bam, well etc
Colloquial and literary vocabulary- words that do not violate the norms of literary use: window, earthling, fellow, poor fellow, chatterbox, which differ from neutral vocabulary in their specific expressive and stylistic coloring: neutral not true, colloquial and literary nonsense, lies, nonsense etc.
The distinctive function of the phoneme- a distinctive function, thanks to which the phoneme serves for phonetic recognition and semantic identification of words and morphemes : tom - house - som - com.
Regressive combinatorial changes- phonetic processes directed back to the beginning of the word, from the subsequent to the preceding : sew [shshyt"], everything ["s"e"].
Reduction- change in sound characteristics of vowels or consonants in a weak position: frost [mros], convoy [bos].
Reduplication- a way of expressing grammatical meanings as a result of doubling or repeating a root or word: rus . white - white, can barely speak, Armenian gund "regiment", gund-gund "shelves", indonesian api "fire", api-api "matches".
Recursion- the phase of articulation of sounds, when the organs of pronunciation relax and move to a neutral position or to the articulation of the next sound.
Rhythm of speech- regular repetition of stressed and unstressed, long and short words serves as the basis for the aesthetic organization of an artistic network - poetic and prosaic.
Family tree- the principles of the genealogical classification of languages, according to which each common language (proto-language) split into two or more languages, from which new languages arose. Thus, the Proto-Slavic language gave three branches: Proto-West Slavic, Proto-South Slavic, and East Slavic.
Related languages- material proximity of two or more languages, manifested in the sound similarity of linguistic units of different levels: blg . corvid pls. wrona, russian crow.
Vowel series- basis for classifying vowel sounds in the process of moving the tongue to the front or back of the oral cavity: front row [i, e], middle row [i,a], back row [OU].
Free stress- unfixed stress, which can fall on any syllable of the word: milk, crow, raven, vegetables.
Associated stress- fixed stress, tied to a specific syllable in a word (in French - on the last, in Polish - on the penultimate, in Czech - on the first).
Sema- minimum limiting units of the content plan, an elementary semantic component. Yes, word uncle includes five semes: 1. male gender; 2. relative; 3. precedence; 4. divergence in one generation; 5. collateral relationship.
Semantic trapezoid- a schematic representation of the relationship between the components of a word: the top of the trapezoid is the concept and meaning, and the base is the subject and the phonetic shell of the word.
Semantic neologism- words in which a new concept is conveyed by words already existing in the language: walrus "winter swimmer", bomber "prolific striker", truck "cargo spaceship", disk "recording".
Semantic synonyms- words that highlight different aspects of an object or phenomenon: break - destroy - crush.
Semantic triangle- schematic representation of the components of the word: phonetic shell of the word, concept.
Semantic field- a set of linguistic units united by a common meaning and representing the subject, conceptual or functional similarity of the designated phenomena; relationship field: father, mother, brother, son, daughter, grandfather, grandmother, aunt, uncle etc .
Semasiology- the science of the meanings of words and phrases.
Sememe- the unit of the content plan, the content of the lexeme, is opposed to the lexeme; the totality of sememes forms the meaning of a word.
Family of languages- a set of related languages that arose from one ancestor - a proto-language: Indo-European, Turkic, etc.
Significative function of the phoneme- meaning-distinguishing function: that one is here.
Significative meaning of the word- the relationship of a word to a concept, denoted by the word concept: concept table - "a type of furniture."
Strong position- position of phoneme discrimination when it detects the largest number of differential features: nose, But nasal [нъсвоi].
Synharmonism- uniform vocal design of a word, when the vowel of the root in the formants corresponds to the same vowel sound: Balalar, But wheeler in Kazakh, odalar "rooms", But ever "Houses" in Turkish.
Synecdoche- transfer of the name based on quantity: part instead of the whole and vice versa: herd of ten.
Syncope- loss of sounds within a word: wire [provk], commotion [sutk].
Synonymous series- a set of synonyms headed by a dominant - a stylistically neutral word: lazy person, lazy person, slacker, loafer.
Synonyms- words that are different in sound, but close in meaning, belonging to the same part of speech and having completely or partially coinciding meanings: fear - horror.
Syntagmatic relations in vocabulary- linear relationships between combining words as defining and defining: gold ring, child's hand etc.
Syntagmatic stress- stronger emphasis on the stressed syllable of the last word in the syntagma: the weather is terrible.
Synthetic form of the word- a word from a stem and a formative affix: bear it, bear it.
Synthetic languages- languages of synthetic grammatical structure, when lexical and grammatical meanings are combined within one word: desk, cards, desk etc.
Syntactic level- a section of linguistics that describes the processes of speech generation: ways of combining words into phrases and sentences.
Synchronous linguistics- descriptive linguistics, inheriting a language as a system at some point in its history: modern Russian language, modern Uzbek language, etc.
Language system- an internally organized set of linguistic units that are in relationship with each other (“totality” + “units” + “functions”).
Predicate- the main member of the sentence, expressing the predicative attribute of the subject.
Weak position- position of non-discrimination of phonemes, when fewer differential (distinctive) features are detected than in the strong position : sama [sma], soma [sma].
Word- the basic structural-semantic unit of a language, used for naming denotations, possessing a set of semantic, phonetic and grammatical features specific to each language.
Word-forming affix- an affix used to form a new word: old - old age.
Collocation- a syntactic construction consisting of two or more significant words connected by a subordinating connection : new house, read a book.
Word form- a two-sided unit, represented externally (chain of phonemes, stress) and internally (word meaning).
Word-forming affix- an affix that combines the functions of word formation and morphology : godfather - godfather, husband - wife.
Syllable- a segment of speech limited by sounds with the least sonority, between which there is a syllabic sound, the sound with the greatest sonority (R.I. Avanesov).
Syllable division- a syllable boundary indicating the end of one and the beginning of another : yes.
Addition- formation of a new word by combining two or more stems into one verbal whole : forest-o-steppe, warmth-o-movement.
Difficult sentence- combining, according to certain grammatical rules, two or more simple sentences based on grammatical connections.
Function words- lexically dependent words that serve to express various relationships between words, sentences, as well as to convey various shades of subjective assessment.
Stop consonants- sounds during the formation of which the lips, palate, tongue and teeth close tightly and open sharply under the pressure of an air stream: [b], [d], [g], [h], [c] and etc.
Consonants- sounds, during the formation of which the exhaled air encounters an obstacle in the oral cavity on its way.
Coordination- a type of subordinating connection in which the dependent word is likened to the main word in their common grammatical forms : new dress, new house.
Social theory of the origin of language- a theory that connects the emergence of language with the development of society; language enters into the social experience of humanity.
Building units of language- phoneme, morphemes; they serve as a means of constructing and formalizing nominative, and through them, communicative units.
Language structure- internal organization of linguistic units, a network of relationships between linguistic units.
Submorph- part of a root that looks similar to an affix, but does not have its own meaning : cap, cucumber, crown.
Substrate- traces of the defeated language of the local population in the language system of the conqueror of the newcomer population; in Russian as a substrate of Finno-Ugric languages.
Superstrat- traces of the defeated language of the alien population in the language - the winner of the local population: French superstrate in English - jury.
Suppletivism- formation of grammatical meanings from different stems: person - people, child - children, walking - walking, good - better.
Suffix- a morpheme that comes after the root and serves to form new words (old - old age) or new forms of the word (swim - swam).
Suffixoid- a morpheme used as a suffix and occupying their position in a word: spherical, glassy, serpentine.
Noun- a significant part of speech, combining in its composition words with a general meaning of objectivity: table, horse, life, wisdom and etc.
The essence of language- a spontaneously emerging system of articulate sound signs, serving for communication purposes and capable of expressing the entire body of human knowledge and ideas about the world. (I.Kh. Arutyunova)
Hard consonants- sounds pronounced without palatalization by raising the back of the tongue to the soft palate, i.e. velarization.
When studying the Russian language at school, quite often there are linguistic terms that are not always clear to schoolchildren. We tried to compile a short list of the most used concepts with explanations. In the future, schoolchildren can use it when studying the Russian language.
Phonetics
Linguistic terms used in the study of phonetics:
- Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that deals with the study of sound structure.
- Sound is the smallest particle of speech. Sounds are highlighted.
- A syllable is one or often several sounds pronounced in one exhalation.
- Stress is the emphasis of a vowel sound in speech.
- Orthoepy is a section of phonetics that studies the pronunciation norms of the Russian language.
Spelling
When studying spelling, you must use the following terms:
- Spelling is a section that studies spelling norms.
- Spelling - spelling a word in accordance with the application of spelling rules.
Lexicology and phraseology
- A lexeme is a vocabulary unit, a word.
- Lexicology is a branch of the Russian language that studies lexemes, their origin and functioning.
- Synonyms are words that have the same meaning when spelled differently.
- Antonyms are words that have opposite meanings.
- Paronyms are words that have similar spellings but different meanings.
- Homonyms are words that have the same spelling, but at the same time they have different meanings.
- Phraseology is a branch of linguistics that studies phraseological units, their features and principles of functioning in language.
- Etymology is the science of the origin of words.
- Lexicography is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules for compiling dictionaries and their study.
Morphology
A few words about what Russian linguistic terms are used when studying the morphology section.
- Morphology is the science of language that studies the parts of speech.
- Noun - nominal independent It denotes the subject being discussed and answers the questions: “who?”, “what?”.
- Adjective - denotes a sign or state of an object and answers the questions: “which?”, “which?”, “which?”. Refers to independent nominal parts.
- A verb is a part of speech that denotes an action and answers the questions: “what does it do?”, “what will it do?”.
- Numeral - denotes the number or order of objects and at the same time answering the questions: “how many?”, “which?”. Refers to independent parts of speech.
- Pronoun - indicates an object or person, its attribute, without naming it.
- An adverb is a part of speech that denotes an action. Answers the questions: “how?”, “when?”, “why?”, “where?”.
- A preposition is an auxiliary part of speech that connects words.
- A conjunction is a part of speech that connects syntactic units.
- Particles are words that give emotional or semantic coloring to words and sentences.
Additional terms
In addition to the terms we mentioned earlier, there are a number of concepts that it is advisable for a student to know. Let's highlight the main linguistic terms that are also worth remembering.
- Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies sentences: the features of their structure and functioning.
- Language is a sign system that is constantly in development. Serves for communication between people.
- Idiolect is the speech characteristics of a particular person.
- Dialects are varieties of one language that are contrasted with its literary version. Depending on the territory, each dialect has its own characteristics. For example, okanye or akanye.
- Abbreviation is the formation of nouns by abbreviating words or phrases.
- Latinism is a word that came into use from the Latin language.
- Inversion is a deviation from the generally accepted word order, which makes the rearranged element of the sentence stylistically marked.
Stylistics
The following linguistic terms, examples and definitions of which you will see, are often encountered when considering
- Antithesis is a stylistic device based on opposition.
- Gradation is a technique based on intensifying or weakening homogeneous means of expression.
- Diminutive is a word formed using a diminutive suffix.
- Oxymoron is a technique in which combinations of words with seemingly incompatible lexical meanings are formed. For example, "living corpse".
- Euphemism is the replacement of a word related to obscene language with neutral ones.
- An epithet is a stylistic trope, often an adjective with expressive connotations.
This is not a complete list of necessary words. We have provided only the most necessary linguistic terms.
conclusions
While studying the Russian language, schoolchildren are constantly faced with words whose meanings are unknown to them. To avoid problems in learning, it is advisable to create your own personal dictionary of school terms in the Russian language and literature. Above we have given the main linguistic words-terms that you will encounter more than once when studying at school and university.
BRIEF DICTIONARY OF LINGUISTIC TERMS
M.: Russian language, 1995. 176 p.
Er.KHAN-PIRA
The dictionary is addressed primarily to undergraduate and graduate students of philology, as well as teachers of pedagogical colleges teaching classes in the propaedeutic course “Fundamentals of Linguistics.” A dictionary will help a language teacher working in a secondary school to better understand the terms used by the authors of articles in the magazines “Russian Language at School”, “Russian Speech”, and in the newspaper “Russian Language”.
The dictionary contains about 1500 terms. By its type it belongs to explanatory terminological dictionaries. Another type of terminological dictionary is encyclopedic. In domestic linguistic literature it is represented, for example, by the encyclopedia “Russian Language” (1st ed. – 1979, 2nd – 1997) and “Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary” (1990). The “Dictionary-Reference Book of Linguistic Terms”, which went through three editions, D.E. Rosenthal and M.A. Telenkova (3rd ed. – 1985) is a mixed type of explanatory and encyclopedic terminological dictionary.
How does an explanatory terminological dictionary differ from an encyclopedic dictionary? The first one only interprets the term, i.e. reveals the content of the scientific concept contained in the term as a lexical meaning. The second, having given an interpretation, goes deeper into the consideration of the object of naming itself. For example: " Antonyms. Words that are opposed according to the most general and essential semantic feature for their meaning and are located at the extreme points of the corresponding lexical-semantic paradigm.
Diligent - lazy, talk - remain silent, truth - lies, hot - cold"(A brief dictionary of linguistic terms).
“ANTONYMS. 1. Words that have a qualitative attribute in their meaning and therefore can be opposed to each other as opposite in meaning. Yo Russian. good - bad, close - distant, good - evil, getting poor - getting richer.
2. Words opposed to each other as correlative (Russian. brother - sister), as denoting an oppositely directed action (Russian. walk – come) and so on." ( O.S. Akhmanova. Dictionary of linguistic terms. M., 1966).
And here is the article “Antonyms” in LES: “...words of the same part of speech that have opposite meanings. Depending on the type of opposition expressed (see Antonyms) A. are divided into respectively. classes, the main ones of which (hereinafter we talk about three classes of antonyms. - E.H.)
<...>According to their structure, A. are divided into different roots<...>and cognates<...>. A special, unproductive variety of A. is formed by words that combine opposite meanings<...>.
There is a narrower understanding of A., for example, as only qualitative and only words of different roots, but this understanding of antonymy does not fully take into account all the possibilities for expressing opposites in language.”
In addition, linguistic encyclopedias contain personalities - articles dedicated to famous linguists and/or articles about various directions (schools) in linguistics.
Work on any dictionary begins with compiling a vocabulary - selected vocables (heading words) for presentation in the dictionary. The authors of the dictionary about which I am writing sought to select terms of modern linguistics, in particular, to present in the dictionary terms of linguistic disciplines that were not included in existing dictionaries of linguistic terms (for example, terms of contrastive linguistics).
The dictionary does not include the names of languages and language families, linguistic schools and trends, terms of poetics, rhetoric, stylistics, and names of special linguistic disciplines.
The dictionary is accompanied by an annotated list of the main terminological reference books on linguistics published in Russian, as well as a dictionary of Greek-Latin elements in linguistic terminology. Many dictionary entries have a comment area marked with a dark circle ·. True, sometimes this is not a comment in the exact sense of the word, but an illustration: for example, in the article “Archaisms” in the comment area: “Lexical archaisms: neck –'neck', in vain– ‘in vain’, this- 'this'. Semantic archaism – stomach in meaning 'life'".
The dictionary closes the gap left by the departure of the last edition of the dictionary by D.E. from bookstores. Rosenthal and M.A. Telenkova – accessible in content and price to a high school teacher.
Here are some of the entries that appear in the peer-reviewed dictionary, which was last published 13 years ago: “ Discourse. A speech work considered in the fullness of its expression (verbal-intonation and paralinguistic, see Paralinguistics) and aspirations, taking into account all extra-linguistic facts (social, cultural, psychological), essential for successful verbal interaction"; " Diglossia. The presence in society of two communicative means that are in a complementary relationship to each other (i.e. distributed between different communicative spheres) and assessed by speakers on a scale of “high - low”, “solemn - ordinary”.
« Emic. Representing a linguistic entity belonging to a level invariants(cm. Levels). Wed. Ethical. Emic units.
· The term “E.” derived from the term “phonemic” and extends not only to units of sound structure, but also to more complex units of language.
Emic units include all units whose names include term element
-ema (phoneme, toneme, morpheme and etc.)"; " Ethical. Representing a linguistic entity belonging to the variable level (see. Levels)
<...>. Ethical units. · The term “E.” derived from the term “phonetic” and extends not only to sound units, but also to more complex units. Ethical units in phonology include sounds, and in morphology - morphs.”
I will make a few comments on what seems to me controversial or inaccurate in the dictionary.
In the article Dialectal language we read: “A conditional concept denoting form of existence language<...>" First, what does “conventional concept” mean? In logic, nothing seems to be known about him. And how can a concept, being a form of thought, “mean” anything? Indicates a word. The concept does not have a naming (nominative) function. It reflects the characteristics of an object or class of objects.
In the article Paronymy The following definition of this linguistic phenomenon is given: “Partial sound similarity of words (paronyms) with their complete or partial semantic difference.” And in the article Paronyms it is said that “these are words that have morphological and phonetic similarities, but differ in meaning.” In my opinion, these two definitions do not agree with each other: a phenomenon is understood more broadly than its manifestation, its incarnation. And what does “morphological similarity” mean? Paronymy And paronyms– ambiguous terms. Perhaps, as was the case in other cases (for example, in articles Protolanguage, Declension, Syntagmatics), one should go to show ambiguity. Indeed, with one understanding of these terms excavator And escalator, irrigator And alligator not paronyms, but paronomases, and in other cases - paronyms.
The definition of terms seems unclear pleonasm And tautology, which is why their difference is unclear. An attempt to point out their differences, made in the comment area of the article Tautology(“Unlike pleonasm, tautology is always a property of speech ( uzusa), it is not part of the system and norm of language"), does not save, in my opinion, the situation, since pleonasm is also a phenomenon of speech, not language: in the article Pleonasm we find: “Redundancy of expressive means used to convey the lexical and grammatical meaning of the statement. As a property text P. opposed ellipsis».
Statement– synonym text. And here usus– hardly a synonym for the terms speech, utterance, text, speech work contrary to what the article states Tautology.
Term defined as follows: “A word or phrase denoting the concept of a special field of knowledge or activity.” If we proceed from the two-sidedness of the word as a sign, then this understanding of the term seems more accurate: a word or a stable phrase, the lexical meaning of which is a scientific (theoretical) concept or the concept of a special field of activity. This, by the way, will allow you to distinguish a scientific term from terms, for example, gymnastics, plumbing or ice dancing.
Terminology interpreted as “the transition of a commonly used word into a term.” And it was added: “The basis of terminology is metaphor.” Obtaining a commonly used terminological meaning does not mean its departure from the language in its direct meaning (cf. insignificant as an ordinary word and as a legal term – ‘not having legal force, void’). And here determinization: “the transition of a term into a commonly used word, accompanied by the loss of connection with a special (scientific) concept and the acquisition of a new meaning, usually metaphorical.”
But is it really epicenter ceased to be a geological term due to the fact that it acquired a colloquial metaphorical meaning? In the article Denotation (extensional) it is said that this is “the content of a sign indicating its subject relevance, i.e. a set of objects of reality that can be called a given linguistic unit (cf. Referent). Opposite Significate». Significate is defined as follows: “Conceptual content tongue sign, contrasting it with other signs and presented as a set seven" A sema (semantic factor)- This is “the minimum component of the meaning of a word. A seme in the sphere of grammatical meaning is called grammeme" According to the dictionary, it turns out that the denotation is inside the linguistic sign, and not outside it. And then the question arises: how to divide the content side of a verbal sign, significat, denotation, as well as denotative meaning (of the term existing in linguistics denotative meaning not in the dictionary)? As is known, the term denotation polysemous. In the work of academician Yu.D. Apresyan “Lexical Semantics” we find: “The denotation of a sign is the class of facts it denotes, and the signification is the general characteristics of all types of this class. Thus, it is possible to have a denotative identity of signs with their significative difference. A classic example of this discrepancy is the phrases triangle center of gravity And median intersection point: these names actually define the same object of reality, but allow us to think about it in different ways” (Selected Works, Part I. M., 1995. P. 60). In the already mentioned dictionary D.E. Rosenthal and M.A. Calf denotation is “an object or phenomenon of the reality around us, with which a given linguistic unit correlates.” In the “Logical Dictionary-Reference Book” by N.I. Kondakova (M., 1975) denotation is “a thing in the broadest sense, as something that can be named and designated by a name (A. Church)... In other words, denotation is the subject of a name... But such a case is also possible , when this or that expression has meaning, but does not have a denotation (cf. king of france in the 20th century, goblin, centaur, witch.– E.H.)... Sometimes terms denotation, designation And referent identify” (p. 139).
The LES speaks about the denotation - “designated object”, then it is written that the term denotation used in four meanings: 1) the same as referent(an object of extra-linguistic reality that the speaker has in mind when pronouncing a given speech segment);
2) “a set of objects of reality (things, properties, relationships, situations, states, processes, actions, etc.) that can be called a given unit (due to its linguistic meaning); Usually we are talking about the lexical denotation. units"; 3) “an extensional element (i.e. a set of objects that can be called a given linguistic unit).” With this understanding, every element of an extension is considered a denotation, regardless of which of them is related to. specific speech segment. For example, it is said that both Suvorov and Menshikov are among the denotations of the word generalissimo. The extensional in this case qualifies as a “class of denotations”; 4) “the same as denotative meaning– conceptual core of meaning, i.e. ...a component of meaning abstracted from stylistic, pragmatic, modal, emotional, subjective, communicative, etc. shades. The use of the term is quite common and does not distinguish between D. and the referent...”
As you can see, for the “Concise Dictionary...” denotation= term denotative meaning. I believe that the authors of the dictionary should have given at least one more meaning of the term denotation and clarify the relationship of this term (in their understanding) with the term significat. According to the dictionary jargon– “a speech variety, the main function of which is to express membership in a relatively autonomous social group through the use of specific words, forms and phrases”; slang- "1. a variety of the national language, the speech of the urban lower classes (in its most vivid form inherent in the English language)... 2. The same as jargon»; argot- "1. A sociolect of a separate group, characterized by arbitrarily selected, often modified elements of one or more natural languages (lexical and word-formative, less often grammatical). Argo is created for the purpose of closed communication within a given group, isolating this group from the rest of society and hiding the subject of communication (secret language)... Argo of the ofenes, beggars, sherstobits, shapovals. Thieves' argot. 2. Same as jargon»; sociolect(social dialect) - “a set of linguistic features characteristic of the speech of a certain social group (professional, age, class, etc.) within the framework of one or another form of language existence.”
Firstly, it is noteworthy that only argot is defined through a generic, apparently, term sociolect, A slang And jargon- No. But a term that has only one subordinate term cannot be generic: to establish a generic-specific relationship, at least the presence of two subordinate terms is necessary. Secondly, what does “speech variety” mean when it comes to understanding jargon? Of course, jargon is reproduced in speech, but, in my opinion, it is an autonomous lexical-semantic system as part of one of the forms of existence of language (vernacular or literary language in its colloquial style). In other words, jargon is a linguistic phenomenon.
Thirdly, when interpreting the first meaning of the term slang it is inaccurately said about “a variety of a national language”: in order to have the status of a variety, one must have its own, unborrowed levels of the language, and slang has only one of its own - lexical-semantic. And then, not very neatly formulated: “a variety... language, speech urban lower classes." Fourthly, the interpretation of the meaning of a specific term through a generic one must pass the test of substitution (substitution) instead of the generic term of its interpretation. Try replacing the term sociolect its interpretation in the text of the article Argo. You will immediately be drawn to edit it. By the way, it seems to me that, unlike all the argot, jargon, and slangs that arose and arise spontaneously, the argot of the Ofenians had a very strong conscious beginning, bringing it closer in this regard to the so-called artificial languages.
Functional styles are understood by the dictionary as “variants of a literary language, determined by various socially significant areas of communication. Each functional style is represented by a set speech genres" And behind the sign · it is added: “In the modern Russian literary language, the following functional styles are traditionally distinguished: everyday literary, official business, journalistic (newspaper-political), scientific and production-technical.” It seems to me that for the purity of the genre of the explanatory dictionary, it would be more accurate to place the mention of the manifestation, manifestation of functional styles in the comment area.
Hardly a term everyday literary style traditional. Much more traditional colloquial. In addition, since all functional styles are styles of literary language, the term element is unnecessary literary. The understanding of journalistic style as newspaper-political seems narrow. It manifests itself not only in newspaper but also in magazine speech, as well as in radio television and oratory. And thematically it is not closed by its use in a political text.
The term speech genre, according to the dictionary, means “a set of speech works (texts or statements) united by the same use of stylistic means of language.” A group of speech genres is integrated into a specific functional style.
Firstly, the terms were not highlighted, as is customary in the dictionary statement And text, interpreted in their alphabetical place.
Secondly, it would be more accurate to write “united by the use of identical stylistic means of language.”
Thirdly, a set of speech works cannot be integrated into a functional style if the latter is a fact of language (and the dictionary recognizes it as such): speech is not part of the language, these are close, non-existent without each other, but still different phenomena.
In relation to literary speech, I would define the term this way: speech genre: a type of speech work characterized by a specific communicative goal and the use of certain means of a particular functional style. MM. Bakhtin wrote: “Even in the freest and most relaxed conversation, we cast our speech according to certain genre forms... These speech genres are given to us almost in the same way as we are given our native language” (Aesthetics of verbal creativity. M., 1979. P. 257 ).
In the comment area of the article Speech genre functional styles and some speech genres in which these styles are used are listed. For some reason, among the styles there is no production and technical one mentioned in the comment area of the article Functional styles. It seems to me that here, too, there is no clarity in the distinction between language and speech: “the scientific style has the following speech genres...”, “the speech genres of the official business style include...” and, finally, “the following speech genres are distinguished in the journalistic style ...". Genres speeches in the understanding accepted by the dictionary, fell into language. In the article Ablaut not a word about internal inflection. There are also a number of inaccuracies and direct oversights (for example, in the article Speech there is a link to the article Code, but it’s not in the dictionary, the opposite is in the article Antonyms: links to the article Paradigm no, but it’s in the dictionary).
With all the shortcomings and with all the sometimes lax metalanguage of the dictionary, it will still be useful to students of philological faculties and literature teachers. It remains to be hoped that the authors will have the opportunity to prepare its 2nd, revised and expanded edition.
Linguistic terminology is a set of words and phrases used in linguistics to express special concepts and to name typical objects of a given scientific field. As an integral part of the metalanguage of linguistics, linguistic terminology is the object of attention of a number of researchers (O.S. Akhmanova, N.V. Vasilyeva, B.N. Golovin, R.Yu. Kobrin, S.D. Shelov, S.E. Nikitina, I. S. Kulikova and D. V. Salmina, Kh. F. Iskhakova and others).
Linguistic terminology can be described from various positions and classified on different grounds, which are in a complementarity relationship. We propose a classification of Crimean Tatar linguistic terms, which is based on the provisions put forward by N.V. Vasilyeva:
1) according to the designation of general or specific phenomena of linguistics, universal terms are distinguished, denoting general categories characteristic of many languages ( benzeshme'assimilation', Tamyr'root', jumla'offer', etc.), and unique, i.e. designations of phenomena specific to a language or group of related languages ( Mulkiet Yalgamasy'affix of belonging', khaberlik yalgamasy'predicate affix', etc.);
2) according to their internal form, linguistic terms are divided into motivated ones, in which there is a semantic and structural correlation of their constituent morphemes with the morphemes of a given language (terms dudakly (ses)'labial sound)' ← dudak+ly; manadash'synonym' ← mana+dash etc.), and unmotivated, which are represented mainly by borrowed vocabulary ( zarf< араб. ’наречие’, fiil> Arabic ‘verb’, etc.);
3) according to genetic characteristics, primordial terms are distinguished ( sayy'numeral', ayırıjı'definition', sez cheshiti'part of speech', etc.), borrowed ( name> Arab. 'spelling', sonor > lat.'sonorant', graphics > greek'graphic arts' , phrase > Greek'phrase', etc.) and terms created on the basis of Greco-Latin elements ( phonetician'phonetic' ← phonet+ik, Omoshekil'homoform' ← omo+shekil and etc.);
4) monolexemic terms differ in composition, i.e. single-word, including composites ( isim'noun', yalgama'affix', syfatfil'participle', etc.), and polylexemic, i.e. terms consisting of two or more words ( bash jumla'main sentence', og cheese sesi'front row sound', kechken zaman fiili'past tense verb', etc.);
5) according to the method of formation, the following are distinguished: a) terms created in a lexical-semantic way - by terminology of a commonly used word ( Tamyr'root', al'circumstance', etc.); b) affixations ( ben + zesh + me'assimilation', ses+dash'homophone', etc.); c) addition of bases and reduplication ( ohshav-kuchultiw (affix)'diminutive (affix)', dudak-dudak sesi'labial-labial sound'); d) lexico-syntactic way - by forming terms according to models of various types of phrases ( vastasyz kechken zaman fiili'obvious past tense of verb', ayirijy tabili murekkep jumle‘complex sentence with attributive clause’, etc.).
Linguistic terminology develops “throughout the entire history of linguistics and reflects not only changing views on language, not only the difference in linguistic word usage in different schools and areas of linguistics, but also different national linguistic traditions.” A study of the linguistic terminology of the Crimean Tatar language of different historical periods shows that, having moved away from Arabic linguistic traditions, it began to be formed taking into account the achievements of European and Russian linguistics, which manifested itself in changes in the genetic, word-formation and other characteristics of the Crimean Tatar term.
According to some researchers (O.S. Akhmanova, N.V. Vasilyeva, etc.), in linguistics there is a problem of streamlining linguistic terminology, since it is a constantly changing open system, replenished with new elements. However, it cannot be standardized. It can only be systematized and unified. Dictionaries of linguistic terms of various types should serve these purposes. Analysis of terminographic material shows that currently there are only two dictionaries of linguistic terms in the Crimean Tatar language. One of them, “Til ve til bilgisi terminleri” (“Russian-Tatar terminological dictionary of language and linguistics”), was published in the pre-war period (1941) and is a translated Russian-Crimean Tatar dictionary. The other, “Kyrymtatar tili tilshynaslyk termlerinin lugaty” (“Dictionary of linguistic terms of the Crimean Tatar language”), published in 2001, is a dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Since the linguistic terminology of the described language is not an impeccable system, one of the tasks of Crimean Tatar linguistics is a more complete selection and description of linguistic terms in dictionaries. E.R. Tenishev, analyzing scientific and educational literature. published after 1925 in the Crimean Tatar language, notes that “there is a need for more than one type of dictionary: what is needed are academic, normative-literary, translation, explanatory dictionaries, the language as a whole or the literary language, or dialects, or terminologies, or highly specialized."
A special subsystem should be distinguished from linguistic terminology - nomenclature. On the need to distinguish between the term itself and the nomen, terminology and nomenclature, following G.O. Vinokur is indicated by many terminologists (A.A. Reformatsky, O.S. Akhmanova, N.V. Vasilyeva, B.N. Golovin, R.Yu. Kobrin, T.R. Kiyak, V.M. Leichik, A.V. Superanskaya, A.V. Lemov, etc.). However, the views of researchers on understanding the essence of a nomenclature name differ. Some scientists call nomen an “abstract and conventional symbol” (V.G. Vinokur), others consider them as a special type of terms correlated with individual concepts and actualizing subject connections (B.N. Golovin, R.Yu. Kobrin). According to V.M. Leichik, nomenclature “is an intermediate, connecting link in a series of nomenclature units - between terms and proper names.” As noted by A.V. Lemov, summarizing opinions on this issue, the following can be revealed: “The term has a predominantly significative meaning, the nomen has a denotative meaning, since it is associated with a more specific concept. The term performs both nominative and definitive functions, but nomen has only a nominative function.”
We tend to adhere to the views of O.S. Akhmanova and N.V. Vasilyeva on this issue, and we accept the definition according to which nomenclature is “a system of specific names that are used to designate specific linguistic objects.” So, N.V. Vasilyeva distinguishes the concepts of “linguistic term” and “linguistic nomenclature” in this way: suffix – is the term diminutive suffix– specific term, diminutive suffix of the Russian language -ushk-- this is a nomen. Consequently, nomenclature designations are names of more specific objects. In relation to the Crimean Tatar language, this relationship of linguistic concepts will look like this: yalgama'affix' is a term sez yapiji yalgama'derivational affix' is a specific term, isim yapydzhy - dash / - desh yalgyamasy'affix-dash / -desh, forming a noun' – nomen. A large number of linguistic nomen of the Crimean Tatar language are described in the work of Usein Kurkchi “Kyrymtatar tili imlyasyna dair teklifler” (“Proposals for Crimean Tatar orthography”).
The distinction between term and nomen is determined by their semantics. Nomenclatural names do not have the definitive function characteristic of terms; their meaning is “denotative, objective, while the semantics of the term behind which there is an abstract concept is significative.”
Researchers also note the shifting boundaries between nomenclature units and terms (O.S. Akhmanova, N.V. Vasilyeva, etc.). “Any nomenclature sign, no matter how limited it is in its use, can acquire a more general character if similar phenomena are discovered in other languages or if a more general universal content is revealed in the initially narrow names,” points out O.S. Akhmanova.
Thus we will distinguish linguistic terms– words and phrases used in linguistics to express special concepts, and linguistic nomenclature as a specific name to designate specific elements in the language system.
Due to the fact that the number of nomenclature designations is unlimited, the object of our attention will be linguistic terms.
Lecture No. 3
Subject: Linguistic terminology and its specificity.
Plan:
- Linguistic terminology and nomenclature.
- Main groups of linguistic terms.
- Genetic characteristics of linguistic terms of the Crimean Tatar language.
- Derivational aspect of linguistic terminology.
- Semantic processes in the scientific terminology of the Crimean Tatar language.
Literature:
1. Ganieva E.S. From the history of linguistic terminology of the Crimean Tatar language // Culture of the peoples of the Black Sea region. – Simferopol, 2004. – No. 47. – P. 9-12.
2. Ganieva E.S. System of linguistic terms in the Arabographic grammar of the early 20th century “Sarf-i Turkiy” // Culture of the peoples of the Black Sea region. – Simferopol, 2005. – No. 68. – P. 45-48.
34. Ganieva E.S. Types of systemic relations in Crimean Tatar linguistic terminology (synonymy and antonymy) // Culture of the peoples of the Black Sea region. – Simferopol, 2006. – No. 86. – P. 91-94.
5. 6. 7. Ganieva E.S. Structural and grammatical design of linguistic terms in the Crimean Tatar language // Culture of the peoples of the Black Sea region. – Simferopol, 2007. – No. 120 – P. 71-74.
