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The journalistic style is a prime example. Publicistic style: features and examples. Examples of texts of different styles of speech

Journalism is called the chronicle of modernity, since it fully reflects the current history, addresses the pressing problems of society - political, social, cultural, everyday, philosophical, etc. Newspaper journalistic (journalistic) style speeches are presented on the pages of newspapers and magazines, in materials of radio and television journalism, in public lectures, in speeches of speakers in parliament, at congresses, plenums, meetings, rallies, etc.

Texts related to this style are distinguished by a variety of themes and language design. On the one hand, the same genre, for example, the genre of reporting, will be significantly different in the newspaper, on the radio and on television. But, on the other hand, newspaper reporting differs significantly from other newspaper genres - information, essay, feuilleton, etc.

However, all genres of journalism have many common features that allow them to be combined into a single whole. And these common features are due to the fact that they have a common function. The texts of the journalistic style are always addressed to the masses and always perform - along with the informational - an influencing function. The nature of the impact can be direct and open. For example, at a rally, speakers openly call on the masses to support or reject this or that decision of the government, this or that speaker, politician, etc.

The nature of the impact may be different, as if hidden behind an outwardly objective presentation of facts (cf. information programs of radio, television). However, the very selection of facts, their more or less detailed consideration, the nature of the presentation of the material also provide for a certain effect on the masses. By its very nature, journalism is called upon to actively intervene in life, to shape public opinion.

A characteristic feature of journalism is also that it affects not one person, but the masses, society as a whole and its individual social groups. In the journalistic style, the author's individuality is manifested much stronger than in the scientific, official-business style. However, in this case, the author manifests himself not only as a specific person (with his own unique characteristics), but also as a representative of society, an exponent of certain social ideas, interests, etc.

Therefore, the main feature, the dominant of the journalistic style is social evaluativeness, which is manifested both in the selection of facts, the degree of attention to them, and in the use of expressive linguistic means.

In general, the journalistic style is characterized by a constant alternation of expression and standard, a constant transformation of expressive means into a standard and a search for new expressive means of expression.

For example, metaphors cold war, iron curtain, perestroika, stagnation, thaw almost immediately turned into socio-political, standardly used terms.

Such a confrontation and interaction between expression and standard is quite natural. The influencing function determines the constant striving of journalism for expression, but the need for expressive and pictorial means comes into conflict with the need to promptly respond to all the events of our time. Standards, being ready-made speech forms, are correlated with certain socio-political and other situations. And the text, built in a familiar, standard form, is easier to write and easier to digest. It is no coincidence that such stereotypes are most often encountered in those genres that require an economical and concise form and which are operatively related to the event itself: an official announcement, information, press review, a report on the work of parliament, government, etc. In other genres (essay, feuilleton, etc.), speech standards are less, original expressive techniques are brought to the fore, speech is individualized.

The standard informative means used in journalistic style include the following:

Language tools	Examples of
Social and political vocabulary.	Society, citizen, patriotism, reform, democracy, parliament, debate.
Terminology of science, production and other social means.	As the specialists of the Institute say terrestrial magnetism Russian Academy, main stream of solar matter passed away from the Earth ... At the beginning of the century there was a peak of the eleven-year solar cycle... In 6 days, the number of visits for medical help by those suffering from diseases has doubled of cardio-vascular system.
Book vocabulary of abstract meaning.	Intensify, constructive, priority.
Own names.	It was decided to hold the next meeting of the Big Eight in Canada... After talking about a possible resignation, the Italian coach "Spartak" played with his club the best match of the season. The president V.V. Putin made an appeal to the forum participants.
Abbreviations, that is, abbreviated words.	UNESCO, CIS, UN.
Newspaper clichés, that is, stable phrases and whole sentences.	Difficult political environment; reserves for increasing efficiency; reach the design capacity.
Polynomial phrases.	Together with the delegation to the DPRK went working group on the preparation of proposals on the modernization of Korean roads.
Complete sentences in big word order.	Yesterday, Minister of Railways N. Aksyonenko, at the head of the delegation of the Ministry of Railways of the Russian Federation, flew to Pyongyang.
Complex and complicated sentences with participial, adverbial phrases, insert constructions, etc.	It is expected that during the meeting of the ministers a number of issues related to the connection of the Trans-Korean Railway with the Trans-Siberian Railway will be resolved.

Among the expressive-influencing agents, the following should be distinguished:

Language tools	Examples of
Language level: Vocabulary and phraseology
Vocabulary of various stylistic coloration.	Puncture a politician inexperienced in intrigue; to one of the regional police departments of Khabarovsk man tied cannon; The Pentagon watches with helpless desperation as Chinese experts gut top secret aircraft; fire up the state machine is not for weak.
Newspaper press, that is, a few, widely used in this particular area and almost unused in other areas.	Accomplishments, unswerving, initiative, intrigues, curbing, atrocities, military, outrages, unanimous, solidarity.
Paths, that is, turns of speech in which a word or expression is used figuratively in order to achieve greater expressiveness.
a) Metaphor, that is, the use of a word in a figurative meaning based on the similarity of two objects or phenomena.	Pre-election marathon; political farce; preserve of racism; political solitaire.
b) Metonymy, that is, the use of the name of one object instead of the name of another object on the basis of an external or internal connection (contiguity) between these objects or phenomena.	Gold(meaning "gold medals") went to our athletes. London(meaning "the government, the ruling circles of Great Britain") agreed to participate in the military operation together with Washington(meaning "the government, the ruling circles of the United States").
c) Synecdoche, that is, a kind of metonymy in which the name of a part (detail) of an object is transferred to the whole object, and vice versa - the name of the whole is used instead of the name of the part. Moreover, the singular is often used instead of the plural and vice versa.	The presentation was dominated by crimson blazers(instead of - wealthy people, conventionally called now new Russians). Protection(instead of - defender) demands a complete acquittal of Rokhlin's widow. Even the most discerning buyer find here the product to your liking.
d) An epithet, that is, an artistic, figurative definition.	Dirty war; gangster prices; barbaric methods.
e) Comparison, that is, a trope consisting in assimilating one object to another on the basis of a common feature.	Snow dust pillar stood in the air. It was noticeable that "the best teacher in Russia", going on stage, was worried like a first grader.
f) Periphrase, that is, a trope consisting in replacing the name of a person, object or phenomenon with a description of their essential features or an indication of their characteristic features.	Foggy Albion (England); king of beasts (lion); the creator of Macbeth (Shakespeare); singer Giaur and Juana (Byron).
g) Allegory, that is, an allegorical image of an abstract concept using a concrete, life image.	Such a quality of a person as cunning is shown in the form of a fox, greed - in the guise of a wolf, deceit - in the form of a snake, etc.
h) Hyperbole, that is, a figurative expression containing an exaggerated exaggeration of the size, strength, meaning of an object, phenomenon.	Wide as the sea, highway; poor tenants were robbed by officials to the thread; ready strangle in the arms.
i) Litota, that is, a figurative expression that underestimates the size, strength, meaning of the described object, phenomenon.	Below a thin blade of grass you have to bow your head. Such infusions into our economy - a drop in the sea.
j) Impersonation, that is, endowing inanimate objects with the signs and properties of a person.	The ice path awaits future champions. Terrifying poverty tightly grabbed to an African country. No wonder slander and hypocrisy all life walk in an embrace.
A cliché of an expressive-influencing nature.	People of good will; with a sense of legitimate pride; with deep satisfaction; to multiply martial traditions; the policy of aggression and provocation; pirate course, the role of the world gendarme.
Phraseologisms, proverbs, sayings, catchwords, including modified ones.	Washington still shows habit rake in the heat with someone else's hands... This faction is no stranger sing from someone else's voice... The restoration of Lensk has proved that we have not yet forgotten how to do it work with a twinkle... Lennon lived, Lennon lived, Lennon will live!
Language level: Morphology
The emphasized role of collectiveness (the use of the singular in the plural, pronouns every, every, adverb always, never, everywhere and etc.).	How to help farmer? This land is abundantly watered with our blood fathers and grandfathers. Each a person at least once in his life thought about this question. Never yet the world did not seem so small and fragile.
Forms of the superlative degree as an expression of expression, the highest appreciation.	The most drastic measures, the highest achievements, the strictest prohibition.
Imperative (incentive) forms as an expression of agitation and sloganism (imperative mood, infinitive, etc.).	To summon slanderers to account! Be worthy memory of the fallen! Everyone - to fight the flood!
Expressive use of the forms of the present tense when describing the events of the past: the author seeks to present himself and the reader as participants in these events.	Now I often I ask yourself, what made me in my life? AND answer - Far East... There are different concepts about everything, people have their own relationships. For example, to Vladivostok comes whaling flotilla "Glory". The whole city hums. Collects the bosses of all the sailors say: "If you, scoundrel, come tomorrow and say that you have been robbed, then it is better not to come." In the morning someone is an robbed of course, and blames...
Language level: Expressive syntax and rhetorical figures *
Antithesis, that is, a sharp opposition of concepts, thoughts, images.	The rich feast on weekdays, and the poor grieve even on holiday.
Gradation, that is, such a construction of parts of an utterance, in which each subsequent part contains an increasing (or decreasing) semantic or emotionally expressive meaning.	Our officials have long forgotten that they are obliged protect the people's property, preserve, increase, fight for every penny!
Inversion, that is, the arrangement of the members of the sentence in a special order that violates the usual (direct) word order.	With joy this message has been received. Do not go away to terrorists from retaliation.
Parallelism, that is, the same syntactic construction of neighboring sentences or segments of speech, including such types of parallelism as anaphora, that is, the repetition of the same elements at the beginning of each parallel row, and the epiphora, that is, the repetition of the last elements at the end of each row.	Every day the pensioner came to the district administration. Every day the pensioner was not accepted. The plant was closed on Monday - shared received for a new order money... Didn't work on Tuesday either - shared money... And now, in a month, it's also not up to work - share not earned money yet!
Mixing syntactic constructs(incomplete phrase, the end of the sentence is given in a different syntactic plane than the beginning, etc.).	Our experiment showed that Russian "wild geese" are ready to fight for the Americans or the Taliban. If only they paid ... A banknote was confiscated from a citizen detained in Kazan, which "phonil" is 83 times more than the norm. Did the terrorists have such a "weapon of mass destruction"?
Connecting structures, that is, those in which phrases do not fit into one semantic plane at once, but form a chain of attachment.	I recognize the role of personality in history. Especially if it's the president. Moreover, the President of Russia. We did everything ourselves. And what have not come up with! It is worse when a person is not noticed behind the clothes. Worse when offended. Unjustly offend.
A rhetorical question, that is, the statement or denial of something in the form of a question, a rhetorical exclamation, a rhetorical appeal, as well as a question-answer presentation of the material as an imitation of a dialogue; introduction to the text of direct speech.	So we won't hear the truth from our gallant naval commanders? Get a blue outfit, Inspector! Yesterday the Minister of Internal Affairs signed a report by the State Traffic Safety Inspectorate on the introduction in Russia new form for her employees. A wall along the equator? Easy!
Nominative representation, that is, isolated nominative, calling the topic of the subsequent phrase and designed to arouse special interest in the subject of the statement.	September 11, 2001. This day has become a black day in the life of the entire planet.
Ellipsis, that is, the deliberate omission of any member of the sentence, which is implied from the context.	In your letters - the truth of life. Russia is in the final of the 2002 World Cup!
Multi-union or, on the contrary, non-union in complex and complicated sentences.	The team was shaken up more than once. And the coach was changed. And the center was transferred to the right flank. And the defense was dispersed. To be afraid of wolves - do not go to the forest.

Of course, the use of standard and expressive means of language in a journalistic style largely depends on the genre, on the sense of proportion, taste and talent of the publicist.

It originated in the vastness of the Roman Empire. Then the addresses which the rulers uttered before their people were called Publicus. Translated, it means "public" or "state", because the life of every citizen then depended on the slightest fluctuations in the laws. You can find such a long-standing example of speech in historical sources, documents and protocols. It makes no sense to retell those long texts, since they contained many deviations and auxiliary phrases. However, it is on their basis that the modern "public" type of speech has grown, which is used by our politicians and patriarchs.

What is this style for?

A modern example of the journalistic is any speech by a politician in the news, at a debate. The essence of such a statement is to convey to people any information that is important to them and in the future may affect their lives. The speeches, which are "pushed" by the representatives of the authorities, are filled with appeals, are cognitive in nature, focus on important thoughts, but are devoid of creative (artistic) color. Also, the purpose of such a saying can be an incentive the masses to any action. A vivid example of a journalistic style of speech is the campaign program of any candidate for deputy, as well as the announcement of new laws.

Features of speech style

Paradoxically, a statement built according to the laws of the public is most often contradictory. Many people cannot be fully understood, they are ambiguous, veiled, full of generalized phrases and statistics. The speaker makes comparisons, cites some facts (often "twisted") as examples.

Now we will give an example of the journalistic style of speech, and it will become clearer how, with the help of oratory, you can radically change its character. Let's take the field of biological experiments and imagine that we managed to cross a Maine Coon cat and a dog - a Cocker Spaniel.

Publicistic style of speech. Examples of

Scientists in Laboratory X have managed to accomplish something! After much effort, they nevertheless bred an animal that combines the features of the appearance and character of both a cat and a dog. This beast is both loyal and wayward. He is able to protect his master, but he will not do it openly, but cunningly, having waited for the right moment. We can say with full confidence that such animals will become the best friends in every family.

In laboratory X, an act of cruelty towards animals was recorded. A group of biologists for several months conducted grueling experiments on live cats and dogs, as a result of which a mutant was born, previously unseen in the world. It is difficult to understand what will be on the mind of such an animal, perhaps with its help "scientists" will try to seize power in the state!

Both in the first case, and in the second, the journalistic style of speech was used. Examples of texts show that with its help it is possible to present this or that phenomenon as a miracle or as a real hell.

Content

The most fast way the transmission of information from one person to another is the printed word. Depending on the tasks and target audience, the set of expressive means of the Russian language can vary significantly. It is important for both the reader and the writer to know how to determine the style of the text, because this will give an understanding of what is written, and will also allow you to outline a number of possible techniques with the help of which it is easy to convey thoughts to the reader.

What is text

It is customary to call a text any speech that is recorded on paper or in electronic form, while it can be artistic or journalistic, in the form of a document, letter, etc. In fact, the text contains at least two sentences, and they must be combined not only by meaning, but also by grammar. Description of events or objects, destinies or actions in the text is always predetermined main theme, a message. Regardless of the style, the subject matter of what is written should be clearly delineated.

As a rule, it is not so difficult to understand what will be discussed in the text, because the authors bring the topic up, making it the name. For convenience, intermediate subheadings are also used, which give direction, explain to the reader what awaits him in one or another semantic part of the text. It is interesting that one and the same information can easily be presented under different "sauce", for diametrically opposite audiences or cases. So how do you determine the correct text style?

Functional speech style concept

V different areas journalism, literature have their own varieties of language. The word "style" has many definitions used in the visual arts, architecture, design (in addition to literature). If we talk purely about the literary meaning, then this is a set of expressive (artistic and other) elements inherent in writing a text. Functional speech styles look like this:

Narrative is a time-related narrative of events that take place. The sequence in this type of text does not always correspond to chronology, but is always associated with it. The narrative form requires the use of the words: "while", "after which", "then", etc. These words mark events by linking them to a specific section of the chronology.
Description - a statement of the qualities of the object of discussion. This type of text often uses adjectives that reflect the distinctive features of the subject: "beautiful", "large", "wide", "thin", "light", "fast". The description can use adverbs to compare with other objects of the same category "longer", "faster", "less", "deeper".
Reasoning - This type of text contains three required elements: statement, proof and conclusion. Initially, the reasoning indicates a certain thesis, for example: "Is there a UFO?" This is followed by evidence, analysis of the veracity or incorrectness of this statement, and based on the evidence, a conclusion is made about the correctness of the original statement.

What are the styles of speech

In the Russian language, there are four main linguistic styles, which differ from each other in different sets of techniques and characteristics and have their own main characteristics of the text:

formal business;
colloquial;
art;
journalistic.

In each specific case, the author must know how to correctly determine the style of the text, which functional styles of the modern Russian language to use in order to convey its essence to the final audience. For example, the question of what is text style is easy to answer if you know that:

For correspondence with business partners, bosses and subordinates, the official business genre is suitable.
And for personal communication and correspondence, conversational is more suitable.
Describing events, places, emotions, and experiences is best done with an artistic style of presentation.
The publicistic style of speech is designed to convey ideas through the media - magazines, newspapers, the Internet. However, media texts cannot always be called journalism; in some cases, a colloquial or scientific genre is used.

Journalistic

The result of this style of presentation is an article, reportage, interview, or feature. The grammar and style of the genre provide for ease of reading and perception by the widest masses of the target audience. The journalistic style almost always does not imply an appeal to the reader, because the presentation is conducted from a third person. You will find examples of this style by reading any newspaper.

The scientific and journalistic style is sometimes distinguished as a separate version. In this case, the text uses reasoning on scientific topics. At the very beginning, the author makes an assumption, and throughout the article, essay or note provides evidence of the truthfulness or incorrectness of this thesis, and at the end draws a conclusion based on the given arguments. Linguistic means of scientific style involve the use of precise definitions. Examples of journalistic style are common, it is difficult to confuse them with others.

Colloquial

The main application of the style is oral speech, and its expressiveness and comprehensibility for the general public makes it popular in journalism as well. Such a text uses colloquial expressions and accepts direct appeal to the reader, asking questions and provoking an emotional perception of the written. The written conversational style differs from the oral one, because with the help of text, it is more difficult to convey emotions expressed by facial expressions or gestures.

Art

If we are not talking about literary magazines, this genre is not used in periodicals. What is artistic text? It involves lengthy reasoning, descriptions, dialogues, analysis. The task of the artistic style is not to convey information, but to immerse the reader as much as possible in the work, arouse emotions, fantasies, and influence feelings. This genre provides for the possibility of lengthy reasoning, subjectivity in assessing facts, events and phenomena. There is no limit to the length of the text for those using a book-style speech.

Official business

The official style of speech is designed to business communication both within the team and in correspondence with third-party organizations. Formal business is also used in oral communication when it comes to business relationships. The task of this style of text is to convey the maximum number of facts from one person to another without the use of evaluative adjectives. Standard phrases and repetitions are widely used, which in other styles are perceived as flaws or even mistakes.

The official business style provides for a dry listing of facts, figures, the establishment of cause-and-effect relationships, a certain system that determines the construction of written sentences. This type of text differs from all others, it necessarily contains two elements:

Descriptive part - fait accompli, possible consequences are stated here.
Action - a requirement, request, proposal for the commission of certain actions is indicated here.

Watch a video on speech styles.

Examples of texts of different styles of speech

Several models for using different genres to present the same situation using text:

Publicistic. “This morning Baba Nyura, going out into the barn to milk her cow Zorka, was quite surprised. She found an open door to the utility room, and the animal was not inside. "Who took Zorka away and what should I do without her?" An investigation is underway. "
Colloquial. “I go, Stepanovna, into the barn, but Zorka is not there! I already called her, screamed, went to see my neighbor Petrovich - maybe he saw something ... But he had gotten so much since yesterday evening that he still does not leave the house. I went to the district police officer, he said: "Write a statement, we will figure it out." Well, I wrote. I went home through the cemetery, I look, and my Dawn is grazing in the meadow! "
Art. “The light morning haze has just begun to dissipate, and the first Sun rays touched the lush grass of the front garden. The roosters began to yell their simple morning callsigns, and the village of Gulkovo began to wake up. The door that had not been oiled for a long time creaked easily and Baba Nyura appeared on the threshold of the rickety wooden hut. She was looking for her cow. "
Formal business. “On June 17, 2014 at 9:30 am, a citizen of the Russian Federation, Anna Zakharovna Yegorova, applied to the police station in the village of Gulkovo. On the merits of the questions asked, she explained that on June 17, 2014, at about 4-50, she discovered the loss of cattle (cows) on the territory of her own local economy. The animal was kept in a separate outbuilding. Egorova A.Z. stated that the cow could not leave on its own and demanded to start an investigation under Article 158 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The statement was registered in the register of crimes and delinquencies. 06/17/2014 at 16-00 Egorova A.Z. she again turned to the police station of the village of Gulkovo with a statement that the animal she was looking for had been found and the applicant had no claims to anyone. "

Speech style sheet

Great tool for those who don't know how to define the style of the text. The proposed table contains the main style features. With its help, you will learn how to determine the style of the finished text, what are the styles of speech in Russian, the stylistic affiliation of the document that needs to be created:

	Art	Colloquial	Journalistic	Official business
Style functions	Depict, describe	Communication, conversation	Report, prove point of view	Convey information
Scope of the style	Literature	Everyday communication, personal letter	Social activity, cultural, political, economic relations	Office work, lawmaking, creation of regulatory documents
Style genres	Poems, fairy tale, drama, novel, story	Absent	Reasoning-explanation, message, essay, newspaper article	References, statements, instructions, orders, samples, laws, plans
Specific traits style	Use of any kind of syntactic and lexical structures in all possible combinations	Emotionality, simplification or ignoring of grammar rules, slang words	Imagery, consistency, assessment of events and phenomena, accessibility to the broad masses	Accuracy, impersonality, standardization

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Discuss

How to determine text style and speech type

Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation

Department of Political Science and Political Management

Publicistic style (characteristic of one of the genres, the language of one of the print media)

Introduction

Characteristic of journalistic style

Genre differentiation of journalistic style

1 Genre groups

2 Publicistic article

Language means of journalistic style

2 Publicistic vocabulary

4 The syntax of journalistic style

Language tools of the article

Magazine headers

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

When a teacher gives a lecture, a scientist makes a report at a scientific conference, diplomats participate in negotiations, students take exams or a student answers a lesson, then their speech differs from that used in an informal, everyday setting: for festive table, friendly conversation, with the family. Depending on the goals and objectives that are set and solved during communication, various linguistic means are selected and peculiar varieties of a single literary language - functional styles - are formed. The functional style emphasizes that the varieties of a literary language are distinguished based on the role that the language plays in each case. Scientific works, textbooks, reports are written scientific style; reports, financial reports, orders, orders are drawn up in an official business style; articles in newspapers, magazines, radio and television appearances are based on journalistic style; when discussing various everyday problems, a conversational style is used.

Within the framework of the journalistic style, the newspaper variety was most widespread, therefore in linguistic literature this style is called newspaper-journalistic. This style is also used in magazines. Newspaper-publicistic speech is designed primarily to influence the masses, therefore, it takes into account the interests of readers as much as possible. An important feature of the language of a newspaper or magazine is its general availability, communicative significance. And the task of my work is to figure out whether it is really possible to agitate, convince, propagandize with the help of the linguistic features of the journalistic style. The purpose of my work is to study the functional features of linguistic means and genre differentiation of publicistic style in the analytical weekly magazine "Kommersant Vlast". The relevance of this work is determined by the fact that the language is studied in its functioning, and, in addition, journalism plays a large role in the communication process (it affects the consciousness and speech of people). The material of my research is the words, phrases, fragments of the texts of the magazines "Kommersant Vlast" No. 13, 14, 15 for 2013.

1. Characteristics of the journalistic style

1 Definition of journalistic style

The journalistic style is a historically developed functional variety of the literary language serving a wide range of social relations: political, economic, cultural, sports, everyday life and others. This style is used in mass propaganda work. It is used in socio-political literature, periodicals (newspapers, magazines), radio and television broadcasts, documentaries, some types of oratory (at meetings and rallies). The purpose of the journalistic style is to influence listeners and readers for agitation and propaganda of social and political ideas.

2 History of journalistic style

Publicism as a type of literature appeared in Russia already in the 11th century. This is, for example, "The Word about Law and Grace" by the first Russian Metropolitan Hilarion. The journalistic style was present in various works of the 15th-17th centuries. Its further development in the 18th century was associated with the publication of the first Russian printed newspaper "Vedomosti" and the creation of a number of magazines. The definitive journalistic style took shape in the late 18th and early 19th centuries in the texts of A.N. Radishcheva, V.G. Belinsky, F.M. Dostoevsky, and others. In the 20th century, prominent publicists were A.M. Gorky, A.N. Tolstoy, K.M. Simonov.

2. Genre differentiation of journalistic style

1 Genre groups

The journalistic style is used in many genres. There are three groups of genres: informational (interview, reportage, note, chronicle), analytical (article, correspondence) and artistic journalistic (essay, feuilleton, pamphlet, essay).

For modern newspaper and magazine speech as a whole, open invocation, sloganism, rhetoricism, and unreasoned directiveness are less characteristic. It is more characteristic of analyticity, proof of presentation. After all, the form of restrained, calm proof is capable of being expressive, that is, expressive and turns out to be the embodiment of the influencing function of the journalistic style.

In modern newspapers and magazines, a significant place is occupied by interactive forms of presentation (interviews, conversations, opposition of two points of view, etc.), as well as informational and analytical (article, commentary, etc.), and, for example, essays and reports are becoming rare phenomenon. New genres also appear: "straight line", "round table". It is a pity that these new genres are not yet available in my studied journals.

And there are simple interviews, informational notes (for example, about cultural events on current week), polls, statistics. From the artistic and journalistic group there are essays and essays. But most of all, of course, in journals articles. Here we will talk about the article.

2 Publicistic article

A publicistic article is an analytical genre in which the problems of social reality are deeply and thoroughly examined. The main stylistic feature of the article is considered to be logical: the formulation of the problem, its assessment, the analysis of the problem, the reasons for its occurrence, the program of actions to solve this problem. For example, the article "Let's Wait and Divide" deals with the problem of the "Gazprom" section. The reason for the split is a completely new situation in the European gas market: gas prices are decreasing thanks to the flow of cheap eastern liquefied natural gas. To resolve this problem, our management, in connection with the adoption of the third energy package in 2009 ("a set of rules prohibiting companies from operating in the EU market that simultaneously extract, transport, and distribute gas"), thought about dividing Gazprom into several companies: mining, transport and distribution. More emergence of new large companies gas producers, Rosneft and NOVATEK should reduce the gas monopoly on the market not only in Russia, but also in the EU countries.

A publicistic article involves the inclusion of various inserts (vivid descriptions of episodes, mini-interviews, illustrations) to revive the reasoning. In this article, these are, for example, sidebars that, according to Kremlin officials, “consultations on Gazprom are still of an exclusively informal nature” and that “the situation on the gas market will increasingly resemble the oil industry, where there are several large producers and one infrastructure monopoly". The article also contains a mini-interview with Putin's press secretary Dmitry Peskov about the possibilities of executing the third energy package, which attracts attention. For an influencing effect, the article also includes photo illustrations of the Russian leadership and the head of Gazprom, Alexei Miller, discussing the Nord Stream pipeline project, which may be unclaimed in the context of the "shale revolution". What the "shale revolution" is, you can learn from the subtitle of the article: it is "a process of technology achieved in the United States that allows to start industrial-scale exploitation of natural gas reserves in shale formations", which could significantly undermine the credibility of Gazprom.

Before displaying the language features of the article, I would like to talk in general about the features of language means in a journalistic style in the studied journals.

3. Linguistic means of journalistic style

1 Functions of journalistic style

The usual form of implementation of the journalistic style is a monologue. And the main principle of publicistic speech, the basis and peculiarity of its organization is its "openness", direct, direct expression of the author's "I", because the author of a journalistic text addresses the reader with his thoughts, feelings, assessments. In journalism, all assessments belong to the author, and it does not matter whether he speaks on behalf of a certain social group, union, party, class, or on his own behalf. Therefore, the speech structure of journalism is almost always emotional and personal in nature. The journalistic style has many functions. I would like to focus on two main ones: informative (message, transmission of new information) and influencing (impact on the mind and feelings of the reader). Magazines often have several functions: informational, educational, educational, organizational, analytical and critical, and entertaining. However, the main function, which includes all of the above and is most directly expressed in the style of speech, is influencing and informational, with an emphasis on the aspect of impact. These two functions determine the composition and organization of the linguistic means of the journalistic style. The informative function of style requires the use of common vocabulary, standards, stamps, because neutral vocabulary facilitates the perception of new information, facilitates the communication process. Standard is an exclusive and characteristic property of journals. The overwhelming majority of journal speech stereotypes are positive or negative. The influencing function of style contributes to the formation of evaluative vocabulary, since the task of a publicist is not only to inform about events, phenomena, facts, but also to explain them, give them a social assessment, bring the reader to the "necessary" conclusions. Newspaper publicistic speech is devoid of convention and, as I said, in journalism the author's "I" appears openly, and we have one stylistic layer - the speech of the author. However, the one-sidedness of publicistic speech is not a sign of the latter's poverty. On the contrary, it is precisely in this property that its expressiveness and strength lie. Whatever the publicist is talking about, the structure directly expresses his "voice", the assessment of emotions, the train of thought, enthusiasm, excitement about the topic. The activity of the author's position makes journalism a powerful means of influence. The use of language tools is largely determined by their socio-evaluative qualities and capabilities in terms of effective and purposeful impact on the mass audience.

The journalistic style is characterized by alternation of standard and expression, logical and figurative, evaluative and evidential, economy of language means, clarity, laconism, consistency of presentation with informative richness. Hence the evaluativeness, invocation, and polemics characteristic of the journalistic style. Publicistic speech is designed primarily to influence the masses, therefore, it takes into account the interests of readers as much as possible. An important feature of the language of journals is its general availability, communicative significance.

2 Publicistic vocabulary

The property of combining the opposite is most clearly manifested in the vocabulary of the journalistic style:

this is the use of standard, stamped words and phrases: played key role, human factor, solutions, economic content, achieve the goals set, face problems, export;

The use of expressive, expressive, emotional speech means: personifications ( the ground is slipping away from underfoot, gaps swallow buses, a busy intersection), metonymy ( President's right hand, pocket structures), metaphors ( mountain of books, shale revolution, article salt, warm welcome). Publicism is emotional, effective, expressive, but the publicist does not paint reality, but directly and openly agitates, convinces, propagandizes. Here "belief is primary, it is expressed in the word, its meaning, emotional shades." Magazines are in dire need of expressive means, but this expression is social in nature, it is purposeful, evaluative. Metaphors are used here not so much for imagery as for creating an evaluative effect, positive or negative. Usually, concepts that are important in ideological and economic terms are subjected to metaphorization: electric rivers, bread of industry;

Combination of words related to both book and colloquial vocabulary: homeland-lawlessness; thoughts-disassembly; poor socialization;

the use of social and political words: power, deputy mandate, constitutional strengthening, Kremlin officials;loan words: president, press service, interview, curator, consulting, monitoring; various economic, political, philosophical terms that are rethought and receive a journalistic connotation: strategic direction, head of state, stronghold of stability, lowering differential.Indeed, in contrast to other styles of the literary language, in publicistic persuasion acts as the main function of the language, and it has an agitational character. This is manifested primarily in the choice of linguistic means. And since the issues interpreted by journalism have a political content, political overtones, then the choice of linguistic means is of a deliberate, purposeful nature. The use of words that are associated with the expression of ideological concepts cannot but be influenced by social groups, classes that put different content, different assessments into the same words;

The use of so-called newspaper terms, professional journalistic vocabulary, neologisms: Medvedev's four-year-old, presidential office, Putin 3.0., arbitrable, default, deja vu, dumets;

For magazines, highly specialized words and expressions, dialectisms, argotisms, poetisms, barbarisms, individual neologisms are not characteristic, although possible, that is, everything that may cause difficulties in understanding the message is excluded.

3 Morphological means of journalistic style

The morphological means of journalistic texts are distinguished by their originality:

nouns with suffixes are actively used - awn, -st, -th, -th(position, independence, innovation, cooperation, execution, association), with international suffixes and prefixes -ism, -ist, -ation, anti-, counter-, de- (bureaucracy, administration, anti-corruption, countermeasures, optimist); prefixed adjectives inter-, all-, general-, super-(comprehensive, universally recognized, interagency);

often used forms of passive past participles ( implemented, familiarized, successful); superlative adjectives ( the most important, the brightest, the best);

words formed by addition ( socio-political, business associations, chambers of commerce);

The first-person form of the verb is common, since the narration is usually carried out on behalf of the author.

3.4 The syntax of journalistic style

The syntax of the texts of the journalistic style also has its own peculiarities. It is characterized by:

elliptical structures, i.e. phrases with a missing statement element, characterized by brevity, dynamism, increased energy : arbitration is a voluntary matter, according to the results of each examination;

Nominative sentences, especially in headings: "king, lady, ballet", The State Duma;

Interrogative sentences (How will Thatcher go down in history? And what is the meaning of life?);

introductory words (first of all, first, really, besides).

4. Language means of the article

Now let's return specifically to our article "Let's Live and Divide". Along with standard socio-political phrases ( corruption, infrastructure, stronghold of stability, state, national treasure, ministry, reform, oil industry), highly specialized terms are used: " shale revolution ", shale gas, long list of candidates, gas market, gas business, gas monopoly, ministry of energy, management, EU authorities, lobbied for construction, Nabucco gas pipeline, energy package, spot market... The main linguistic features of the article also include the means of linguistic expressiveness: impersonation ( weigh all the arguments, the European Union snapped, the monopoly turned into a tool), metaphors ( hands did not reach, the cornerstone, it is impossible to solve in one fell swoop), epithets ( encroachments by Gazprom), alliteration ( let's live share), phraseological unit ( grant retroactive discounts). The article contains an abundance of means expressing the logical connections of statements: conjunctions (compositional however, and, a, but, either, subordinate if ... then, bye, so what, how, to, on which), introductory words ( most likely, finally, firstly, secondly, however, however, it means, in particular, according to Vlast).genre journalistic style article

Whether or not the problem considered in the article is penetrated, whether or not to agree with the conclusions and opinions of journalists, is the business of every reader. So, using the example of the analysis of one article from the magazine "Kommersant Vlast" No. 15, 2013, we examined the linguistic features of the analytical genre of publicistic style. Of course, each genre has its own characteristics, but on the whole they all fulfill the informative and influencing functions of the journalistic style.

From all of the above, we see that all linguistic means are expressively significant, since they embody the publicistic idea. That is why the problem of choosing an accurate, bright, effective, expressive word is so important in journalism.

5. Headlines in magazines

Separately, I would like to talk about the headlines in the magazines. After all, it is the name of the headings, the headings of articles, notes, subheadings, inserts that are a kind of guides for the readers of magazines. They attract the attention of the reader, inform him about the topic of publications. The journals have developed a clear system of heading materials, developed models of heading structures, their placement. For better orientation, publications are grouped into thematic collections. The magazine has its own permanent headings, which should attract the attention of readers, they should not have vague wording. The studied journals have such headings as "Vertical", "Resignations and appointments", "They are about us", "Week", "Question of the week", "Political economy". Concise and clear. And if a heading signals the general direction of the publications placed under it, then the heading names the topic of a particular material, and with the help of subheadings, the most important points can be emphasized. For example, the heading "No dispute" - the subtitle "High-profile cases of the arbitration courts of Russia" or the heading "Let's wait and divide" - the subtitle "What is the shale revolution".

A headline should not just name a topic, it should inform about a fact, an event, formulate an attitude towards it, convey the author's position. These logs have big amount structural models of headings and methods of their lexical and phraseological expression. Among them, verbal constructions clearly prevail: "Command Hour," King, Lady, Ballet "," History "; two-word sentences:" Keep the stamps "," Use up. "Such names are short, expressive, easily perceived by readers. characteristic two-word constructions connected by a union, which can give the reader more information. For example, "Drill and Ice", "Profit and Profit." Stylistically significant interrogative sentences: "When will you repent?", "Why do you not like Americans? “For the reader, naturally, not only the structure of the title is important, but also its content. And the expressive elements should not contradict the content of the material, its genre. ), or there are spelling and syntax errors, or the content contains inaccurate information, especially in last year's issues, when articles were regularly published by a student of history Eugene Faculty of Moscow State University Evgeny Ponasenkov, distorting historical facts. For example, in his article "Kommersant Vlast" No. 35,2002, p.77-78, he wrote: "And here the envious of Napoleon, Alexander I, was forced to go to the Peace of Tilsit." In fact, the facts of Alexander I's envy of Napoleon are not confirmed by anything. It is, on the contrary, that Napoleon always envied Alexander and other hereditary monarchs of large states and ingratiated himself with them so that they would recognize him as their equal. You can even remember about Napoleon's passionate desire to become related to any monarchical house in Europe.

Thus, magazines should be dominated by headlines that attract the attention of readers with the informativeness and accuracy of the content. After all, they help the reader to choose the materials that most deserve his attention. And they should be real landmarks, a kind of signals on the pages of the magazine.

Conclusion

In conclusion, I would like to say that based on the analysis of the analytical magazines "Kommersant Vlast" I was able to get acquainted with the functional features of the linguistic means of the journalistic style and understand all its stylistic features, namely, consistency, imagery, emotionality, evaluativeness, appeal. The studied journals mainly consist of articles that belong to the analytical genre and are characterized by the presence of both standard phrases and highly specialized socio-political terms, and are also enriched with means of artistic expression and various syntactic constructions, which, in turn, perform, along with the informative function, the most important the function of journalistic style is influencing. The information in the magazines is intended not for a narrow circle of specialists, but for wide strata of society, and the impact is directed not only on the mind, but also on the feelings of the reader, so that he has a certain attitude towards public affairs, and it does not matter whether it is positive or negative. Indeed, for a modern publicist, the main thing is to convey information to the reader so that he comprehends it, draws the necessary conclusions for himself. And if earlier a socio-political magazine was a party, public, trade union or state body and was aimed at convincing the reader of the correctness of the author's position, now, in the era of openness, democracy and freedom of speech, the reader himself forms his worldview, agreeing or not with author's position. Yes, the studied magazines educate, inform, agitate, read easily, the headings are clear and understandable, they have a lot of expression, they call and make you think about social, political and economic problems, despite the fact that the speech publicistic system is of an emotional and personal nature. That is, the journalistic language perfectly fulfills its communicative function. But, I think, the assessment, emotional, aesthetic or logical, is made by the reader himself.

And no matter how pompous it may sound that the world today is ruled by news, bringing this news to the reader and listener is a very difficult task of a publicist and journalist.

Bibliography

1.Vvedenskaya L.A., Pavlova L.G., Kashaeva E.Yu. "Russian language and culture of speech", 2005.

Bushko O.M. "School Dictionary of Literary Terms", 2005.

Baranov M.T., Kostyaeva T.A., Prudnikova A.V. "Russian language", 1984.

M. N. Kozhina "Stylistics of the Russian language", M., 1993.

Kozhina M.N., Duskaeva L.R., Salimovsky V.A. "Stylistics of the Russian language", M., 2008.

Maidanova L.M. "Workshop on the modern Russian language", Yekaterinburg, 1993.

Karaulov Yu.N. Encyclopedia "Russian language", 1997.

Kozhin A.N., Krylova O.A., Odintsov V.V. "Functional types of Russian speech", M., graduate School, 1982.

Magazines "Kommersant Vlast" No. 13, 14, 15 for 2013 and No. 35 for 2002.

Tags: Publicistic style (characteristic of one of the genres, the language of one of the printed media) with the indication of the topic right now to find out about the possibility of obtaining a consultation.

The journalistic style is considered one of the most mobile and developing in speech. Translated from Latin, this term means "public, state". The style is divided into separate substyles, reflecting the direction of the term. The specific properties of journalistic style are used to inform through the presentation of facts, as well as to apply expressiveness and influence the emotions of listeners.

The journalistic style of speech refers to the functional styles in the literary language. The scope of application covers various views on social life, including scientific, philistine, social and others. It includes:

newspaper genre;
television;
oratorical;
advertising;
communicative.

In some textbooks, this style is called newspaper-journalistic or socio-political. However, the name and definition used are more consistent with reality, since in addition to newspapers, it is found in the electronic media and on television. In addition to politics, the style covers other topics as well. These are sports, culture, popular science topics and so on.

Journalism belongs to the journalistic and literary genus. Within its framework, it is possible to determine the economic, philosophical, legal, scientific and other issues of modern society.

And the purpose of the application is expressed in influencing the opinion of the public and political forces to strengthen or change the corresponding positions.

The subject of the genre is life in its various manifestations:

presented and real;
private and public;
on a large and small scale.

Language style functions

The journalistic style of speech performs two main linguistic functions:

messages;
impact.

The first consists in informing the authors of a wide range of people about serious social problems. These functions, in one way or another, include speech styles and substyles. The peculiarity is reflected in the subject matter of the information reported. The method of presentation is also different. For example, a scientific fact is stated - at the same time the opinion and mood of the authors, reflections are expressed. This trait illustrates the difference from the formal business tone. The publicist himself chooses the information that is worth paying attention to. He decides for himself how to define it in the message.

Together with the presentation of facts of scientific, public, political or other interest, the functions of influence are also realized. With their help, the author convinces the audience about the attitude, behavior. Therefore, the style and substyles can be defined as tendentious, emotional, polemical.

In the genres of journalistic style, functions are unevenly distributed. One of them will always prevail. It is important that they do not replace each other. This means that the conviction should be based only on reliable data with full disclosure of information.

Lexical signs of texts

The linguistic features of the journalistic style are clearly expressed through vocabulary. Designations: morality and economics, ethics, culture, scientific dialect, psychological experiences, etc. Key features and examples.

The text has ready-made social standards. They largely reflect the time period. Actual examples: "injection of lies", "financial elite", "wooden ruble" and so on.
There is a relationship between the author and the readers that resembles the relationship between the actor and the audience. This is another characteristic of the style. Here the vocabulary even takes on "stage" shades. So, they say: "the fight behind the scenes", "the drama unfolded," "the famous trick" and the like.
You can often hear emotional value judgments, but not of an individual, but of a social plan. Among them, there are words that carry approving (compassion, prosperity) and negative (philistine, racism) assessments.
A separate place is given to layers of a solemn, rhetorical and civil-pathetic character (self-sacrifice). And the Old Slavicisms, inserted into the text, give it a passionate and slightly pretentious tone (power).
In a figurative sense, military terminology is used (mobilization of reserves).
An example of an appraisal tool is archaisms (healers, profits).

Morphological signs of texts

These signs of the journalistic style indicate the use of different grammatical forms, which differs in frequency. Compared to lexical features, the text contains not so many of them. It:

a noun in the singular, used instead of the required plural (the teacher always knows the student);
imperative verb forms (be on TV with us);
present tense verbs (May 1 continues);
participles ending in -omy (slave);
noun in the genitive case (way out of the situation);
derivative prepositions (based on).

Syntactic features of texts

A feature of this section is a vivid expression of the influencing function. From different forms constructions with influence potential are selected. They are taken not from popular science, but from colloquial speech. At the same time, an accessible structure for mass perception is provided. These include the following signs and examples:

Specific sentences of the text and repetitive or short and abrupt, illustrating the general picture of what is happening.
Rhetorical questions: Do the Russians want wars?
The silence is expressed by ellipsis, hinting at the unspoken: We wanted the best ...
In a question-and-answer technique, the author first asks questions and then answers himself. Thanks to this, the readers of newspapers are getting more and more interested in the topic: What is the attitude to the displaced persons? It is believed that they absorb the bulk of the funds - benefits.
Sentences that changed the order in which the start and end are applied: Science blog was an exception, instead of: Science blog was an exception.
Exclamation types: Go to vote!
Promotional Text Titles: Fierce February is such a hot time for a sale.

Headings tend to reflect text through epithets and metaphors. Thanks to this, in a condensed form, the inconsistency of this or that phenomenon is revealed.

Forms of expression of genres

The peculiarity of today lies in how the genres of the journalistic style are mixed. On their basis, hybrid species arise. The characteristics of the presentation and the combination of standard and original means of the language depend on the task at hand. Their decisions differ in different circumstances. Mixed genre types and application examples:

note and reportage as a kind of information genre;
an article as an analytical genre;
essay or essay as a form of artistic and journalistic.

A note is a kind of informing about what is happening in the scientific or socio-political, cultural and other spheres of life. Newspapers always contain them. The message is a small summary of important news with no details. Often, the newspaper chronicle does not even have a title, but tells about the event, using a wide range of language means, depending on the given topic.

Reportage

Leading journalistic styles include reporting. Distinctive features:

objectivity;
the accuracy of displaying what is happening;
brightness and emotionality of statements.

Reportage belongs to dynamic genres. It combines noteworthy episodes and uses a variety of stylistic expressions. Information is presented with elements of analysis and author's assessment.

Articles

Another journalistic genre is considered articles that are published by newspapers, magazines, and websites. Their purpose is to analyze pressing problems. But unlike the media, here the information is addressed only to the circle of readers interested in a particular problem. Article structure:

initial thesis;
justification;
description of episodes, quotes and reasoning of the author;
conclusion.

The use of vocabulary and stylistic coloring depends on which area is affected and which type of presentation is chosen.

Publicistic essay

An article is similar to a journalistic essay - a study that includes reasoning that reveals problems in a free natural form. It is also considered in the form of an essay. There are vivid illustrations that serve as a reason for thought. In addition, the presentation is presented through the author's perception. This means that the fate of the essay depends on the writer: on beliefs, analysis, knowledge, empathy and the ability to translate this into speech.

Publicism is the main lever for the emergence and further spread of neologisms in the language. It influences the development of a living language. Therefore, it is important that the style is studied thoroughly. Careless and imprecise influence leads to serious negative consequences in replication when people perceive speech error for the norm.