Indigenous culture of america presentation. Population of South America. protection of projects i group - Indians - indigenous people of South America. ancient civilizations Indians group ii - colonization of the southern. Indigenous peoples of North America
The territory of the United States has been inhabited by Indians since ancient times. The ancestors of modern Indians migrated to America from northeast Asia. The term "redskins", common as the designation of the Indians in popular culture, has nothing to do with the natural skin color of the Indians (from white to dark). It comes from the custom of the Beotuk tribe to paint both face and clothing with ocher.
All Indians have common features that bring them closer to the population of Asia. They have a yellowish or reddish-brown skin tone, coarse, straight scalp hair, underdeveloped body hair, a wide face, and prominent cheekbones. But unlike the Mongoloids, the Indians lack the Mongolian fold of the century, a relatively large, even nose.
About 400 Indian tribes lived in North America. They all spoke different languages and did not have a written language. However, in 1826 the leader of the Sequoia Cherokee tribe (George Hess) created the Cherokee syllabary, and in 1828 began publishing the Cherokee Phoenix newspaper in the Cherokee language.
The steppe Indians used pictographic writing. There were also intertribal jargons, which include the common trade language "mobile". Some tribes used "signal language" or "sign language" extensively. The main instruments of the signal language were conditional movements on foot or on horseback, mirrors. Wampums were also used for communication, which served them, if necessary, as money.
All clothing for men and women was made from dressed buffalo skins. Men and women wore moccasins richly decorated with porcupine quills. Battle shirts decorated with scalps were worn only by the leaders and the most famous warriors of the tribe. This solemn outfit also included a cloak, on which the exploits of its owner were often depicted.
But the most magnificent decoration of the Indians was the headband with eagle feathers. Each bird feather in the bandage signified some courageous act of the wearer. The main hunting tool and weapon of the Prairie Indians was the bow, which they preferred even over firearms.
The Indians were engaged in hunting, gathering, agriculture. In the northern regions, the Indians hunted sea animals. With the advent of Europeans on the continent, the Indians had horses and firearms, which made hunting for bison easier and faster. The Indians cultivated crops and raised domestic animals, of which the domestic turkey and guinea pig are now widespread.
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The history of the peoples of the American continent before their meeting with the Europeans in the 16th century. developed independently and almost without interaction with the history of the peoples of other continents.
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The tribes of most of North and South America were at different stages of the primitive communal system, while the peoples of Mexico, Central America and the western part of South America were already developing class relations at that time; they created high civilizations... Spanish conquerors in the 16th century destroyed their states and culture and enslaved them.
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Central America - Maya, Toltecs, Olmecs, Aztecs, Quiche South America - Incas (Quechua, Aymara), Guarani, Mapuche, Shipibo, Conibo
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Fire-dwellers were among the most backward tribes in the world. Three groups of Indians lived on the Tierra del Fuego archipelago: Selknam (she), Alakalufs, Yamana (Yagans). FIREZEMELTSY is the common name of the Indians arch. Tierra del Fuego: alakaluf (Wellington island), she (Tierra del Fuego) and yagans (Navarino island). Close to extinction. The languages are isolated.
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Selknam lived in the northern and eastern parts of Tierra del Fuego. They hunted the guanaco llama and collected the fruits and roots of wild plants. Their weapons were bow and arrows. The islands in the western part of the archipelago were inhabited by
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Alakalufs, who were engaged in fishing and collecting mollusks. In search of food, they spent most of their lives in wooden boats, moving along the coast. Hunting for birds with bows and arrows played a lesser role in their lives.
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Yamana lived by collecting shellfish, fishing, hunting seals and other marine animals, as well as birds. Their tools were made of bone, stone and shells. There was no stratification in the community, the oldest members of the group did not use power over their relatives. A special position was occupied only by healers, who were credited with the ability to influence the weather and cure diseases.
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By the time of the European invasion, the Pampa Indians were walking wandering hunters. In the middle of the 18th century, the inhabitants of the Pampa (Patagonians) began to use horses for hunting. Guanacos were the main hunting and food source. There were no permanent villages among the pampa hunters;
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In the religious beliefs of the Pampa Indians, animistic beliefs occupied a significant place. The Patagonians inhabited the world with spirits; the cult of deceased relatives was especially developed.
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Lived in southern central Chile. They were engaged in agriculture and bred llamas, dressing fabrics from wool of llama-guanaco, pottery and silver processing. The southern tribes were engaged in hunting and fishing. The Araucanians became famous for their stubborn resistance to European conquerors for over 200 years.
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The tribes of the group that lived on the territory of Eastern and Southern Brazil - Botocuda, Canella, Kayapo, Shawanty, Kaingang and others, smaller, were mainly engaged in hunting and gathering, making transitions in search of game and edible plants.
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During the initial period of European colonization, numerous tribes lived in the northeastern and central parts of South America, belonging to different linguistic groups, mainly to the Arawak, Tupi-Guarani and Caribs. They were mainly engaged in slash farming and lived sedentary.
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For fishing, boats were built from bark and single-wood dugouts. Weaved nets, nets, top and other tackle. The fish was beaten with a prison, shot at it from bows. To the Indians of the tropical forests of South America, mankind also owes the discovery medicinal properties cinchona bark and vomit root of ipecac.
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The rainforest tribes were engaged in slash-and-burn agriculture. The landing time was determined by the position of the stars. The women loosened the ground with knotty sticks or sticks with the shoulder bones of small animals and shells planted on them. They cultivated a root crop of cassava, corn, sweet potatoes, beans, tobacco, and cotton.
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The artistic creativity of the described Indian tribes was expressed in dances performed to the sounds of primitive musical instruments (horns, flutes), in games that imitated the habits of animals and birds.
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Love for adornments manifested itself in painting the body with a complex pattern using plant juices and in the manufacture of elegant headdresses from multi-colored feathers, teeth, nuts, seeds, etc.
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Primitive farmers cultivated potatoes, and quinoa was especially widespread among cereals. The Andes region is the only one in America where animal husbandry has developed. Llama and alpaca were tamed, giving wool, skins, meat, fat. The inhabitants of the Andes did not use milk.
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An Indian tribe, which is essentially a union of tribes, as well as the language of this tribe. They inhabit the Amazonian selva in the territory of modern Peru. The main occupations are agriculture in the floodplains and fishing, brewing beer, servicing river transportation.
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The Shipibo-Conibo tribe is famous among other Indian tribes for its shamans, among them the famous Peruvian artist Pablo Amaringo.
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Chi bcha, Mui ska or Mos ska - one of the highly developed civilizations of South America in the XII-XVI centuries. Among the cultures of ancient America, the Chibcha are on a par with the Maya, Aztecs and Incas. The Chibchas themselves called themselves Muisca, that is, "people."
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Vyatka State Humanitarian University
- Project on the theme: "INDIGENOUS RESIDENTS OF NORTH AMERICA"
- Performed:
- student of the EHF, gr. G-41
- Pantyukhina Vera
- Kirov, 2008
- HAWAITS
- INDIANS
- ESCIMOS
- Aleuts
- To form an idea about the representatives of the indigenous population of North America.
- Give basic information about the culture, life, traditional occupations of the Eskimos, Aleuts, Indians, Hawaiians.
- To repeat the previously studied material about the indigenous people of the previously studied continents.
- Explain the reasons for the uneven settlement of indigenous people in North America.
- Expand the general horizons of students.
- Continue the formation of a geographic culture.
- * Population of North America
- * Aleuts
- 1) who are the Aleuts?
- 2) what are the Aleuts doing?
- 3) traditional clothing of the Aleuts
- 4) features of modern Aleuts
- * Hawaiians
- 1) who are Hawaiians?
- 2) what do Hawaiians do?
- 3) modern Hawaiians?
- * Eskimos
- 1) who are the Eskimos?
- 2) features of the Eskimos?
- 3) what are the Eskimos doing?
- 4) the traditional home of the Eskimos
- * Indians
- 1) who are the Indians?
- 2) economic groups of Indians
- 3) the Mayan Indian tribe
- 4) what are the Indians doing?
- 5) documentary photo
- The indigenous population (3%) - Aleuts, Indians, Eskimos, Hawaiians.
- Alien population (97%) - immigrants from Europe, Asia, Africa.
- Aleutian Islands residence Aleuts
- Unangan (self-name), people in the United States, the indigenous population of the Aleutian Islands, the southwest of the Alaska Peninsula and some of the adjacent islands.
- The number is about 6 thousand people. Eskimos belong to the Arctic (Eskimo) race of large Mongoloid race.
- The language of the Aleutian Eskimo-Aleutian family. Dialects: Unalashkinsky, Aktinsky, Attuan. Bilingual, many are switching to English and Russian.
- The settling of the main parts of their territory by the ancestors of the Aleuts took place during the migration of peoples from Asia to America 10-12 thousand years ago.
- The main traditional occupation is hunting sea animals (seals, seals) and fishing... Ancillary value is gathering. They made tools and weapons from bone, stone, wood, and covered boats (kayaks and canoes) with leather.
- Parka - long, deaf clothes made of fur of a cat, clan, bird skins.
- Dressed over kamlika - clothing from the intestines of sea animals with sleeves, a blind collar and a hood.
- Shoes - torbasa (boots made of leather of marine animals).
- Hunters wore wooden hats- conical or open-topped, with an elongated large visor, decorated with carved bone, sea-lion's mustache, feathers.
- 1) Traditional beliefs are characterized by belief in spirits, shamanism.
- 2) Modern Aleuts are engaged in fur seals.
- 3) New occupations have appeared: mink breeding, animal husbandry,
- horticulture.
- Hawaiian Islands are the residence of Hawaiians.
- POLYNESIAN PEOPLE, indigenous people of the Hawaiian Islands.
- The total number is approx. 160 K people
- Writing based on the Latin alphabet.
- Hawaiians are mostly Protestants of various denominations and Catholics, some traditional beliefs have survived
- By the time the Hawaiian Islands were discovered (1778), there were 300 thousand of them.
- Localized by large-family communities (ohana) , are divided into social strata - know (aliyah - "Noble") and community members (macaainana).
- Separate skeletons were ruled by the supreme chiefs, relying on the squads
- Early state education took shape.
- Religious and social prohibitions (taboo) regulated the life of the Hawaiians.
- Material culture in its main features is Eastern Polynesian.
- Traditional religion is polytheism.
- DOCUMENTARY PHOTO: Hawaiian-European War.
- Traditional occupation is tropical irrigated agriculture (taro, yams, sweet potatoes, sugarcane, bananas), fishing, fish farming in ponds; animal husbandry (pigs, chickens) is secondary.
- Highly developed:
- shipbuilding,
- wood carving,
- production of artistically colored matter from bast (tapa),
- bird cloaks and helmets
- feathers.
- The penetration of colonialists from the end of the 18th century led to landlessness, impoverishment of Hawaiians, and the destruction of their culture. Some Hawaiians try to maintain their traditional way of life, cultivating tiny tracts of land in arid and highly rugged mountainous areas. Most Hawaiians live in cities, mainly in Honolulu, in the service industry or in unskilled manual labor. There is a growing movement among Hawaiians to preserve and revive Hawaiian culture. Mythology, epic and lyrical songs (mele) and ritual dances (hula) are bright and specific. Hawaiian-type kinship system.
- The modern Hawaiian plays national songs and sells sweets.
- Eskimos live in the northern regions of North America.
- Inuit (self-name) is an ethnic community, a group of US peoples in Alaska (34 thousand people), in the north of Canada (26 thousand people), Denmark (Greenland Island), as well as in Russia (Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and Magadan Region. ) - 1.5 thousand people
- They belong to the Arctic (Eskimo) race of the large Mongoloid race. They represent several linguistic ethnocultural communities.
- They represent several ethnocultural communities.
- The languages of the Eskimo-Aleutian family are subdivided into 2 groups INUPIK (Labrador, Canada) and UPIK (Alaska).
- Formed as an ethnos more than 5 thousand years ago.
- They adapted to the harsh conditions of the Arctic, on the sea coasts, creating the perfect weapon for hunting sea animals, like a harpoon with a swivel tip, hunting boat kayak, which became the prototype of the modern kayak and deaf fur clothing, of a specific cut that saves them from cold weather. And dwelling- igloo.
- ESCIMOS - HUNTER
- IGLU is the dwelling of the Eskimos made of ice.
- CHUM- Eskimos' dwelling made of animal skins.
- Mexico and the Cordillera - the habitat of the Indians
- The Indians are the indigenous inhabitants of North America, named by Columbus, who took the lands discovered by him for India.
- The number is about 36.4 million people.
- They belong to the American race of the large Mongoloid race.
- The ancestors of the Indians came to America from northeastern Asia along the later disappeared isthmus in the Bering Strait region in the late Paleolithic era (10-20 thousand years ago).
- Hunters and fishers of the Subarctic.
- Hunters, fishermen and gatherers northwest coast of North America.
- Gatherers and hunters of California.
- Farmers of the eastern and southeastern regions of North America.
- Horse hunters of the great plains.
- Indians of the East of the Great Plains.
- Farmers and pastoralists of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico.
- Indians of central and southern Mexico, Central America, the Greater Antilles and the Andes.
- In small peasant farms, traditional Indian foodstuffs are cultivated on plots of land - corn, cassava, potatoes, black beans.
- In the fields and plantations, crops are grown, which are exported abroad. These are coffee, cocoa beans, cotton, sugar cane, rice, soy.
- Natural vegetation has been little preserved here: land suitable for agriculture is occupied by vineyards, plantations of olive, fruit trees, citrus fruits imported from Europe, crops of wheat and corn.
- Corn, tobacco, coffee tree are grown in the fields. In the low places of the mountain steppes, millet is sown and potatoes are grown.
- V agriculture large landownership predominates. Main agricultural crops: wheat, corn, barley, oats, sunflower. Fruit growing.
- The Indians gave the Europeans maize, potatoes, cocoa, strawberries, exotic herbs ...
- And the Europeans thanked them: measles, typhoid, influenza, malaria and others. DEADLY, diseases for the Indians.
- What the Europeans did not destroy, they took away endless wars, for territories, currently only 2% of Indians remain ...
- LOOK AT THAT UNHAPPY CIVILIZATION
- Young girl with a basket for gathering.
- Courageous LEADER.
- Hunter with a horse.
- Young family of Indians.
- WARRIOR with homemade weapons.
- HUNTER.
- A young, unmarried girl.
- An old warrior.
- The Indian catches fish with a special device - a stick with a trident.
- Hunter on horseback.
- Mother with child
- Majestic and powerful leader
- Cloth weaving
- The indigenous population of North America is divided into 4 main groups - Aleuts, Indians, Hawaiians, Eskimos.
- Each of these groups is unique and ancient, with its own unique culture and way of life.
- The Indians of North America are forced to live mainly in mountainous areas, because subject to extermination. (The Indians are fighting for their rights, they want to preserve their culture, at least the little that is left of it).
- http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/
- http://npbp.brest.by/
- http://www.adriatic-tour.com/ru/montenegro_travel_guide/210000398/
- www.visitpirin.net
- http://www.rucountry.ru/Europe/ArticleEurope/citybolgarija/61514.aspx
- http://heritage.unesco.ru/index.php?id=1018&L=9
- http://velikobritaniya.org/nacionalnye-parki-i-zapovedniki/zapovednik-ostrova-sent-kilda.html
- http://active.spain-obnovlenie.ru/aquapark/394.html
- "Masai" // "Geo" magazine # 5, May 2008.
- FOR ATTENTION
Protection of projects Group I - Indians - indigenous people of South America. Ancient civilizations Indians II group - Colonization of South America and its consequences Colonization III group - The process of crossbreeding. Geography of ethnic groups. Mixing process IV group - Customs and traditions of the peoples of South America. Customs and traditions of the peoples of South America
The indigenous people of South America are Indians. They appeared here supposedly thousands of years ago. Indian tribes were on different levels development. They were engaged in hunting, agriculture, terraced slopes in the highlands, and built water pipes. It was they who first began to grow potatoes, corn, tomatoes, pumpkins, beans. Ancient civilizations existed among the Incas (the territory of modern Peru). They built cities and powerful pyramids, processed metals, made fabrics. In the field of medicine, they even performed craniotomy, mummified the dead, and possessed knowledge of space. Development of writing is assumed (bean finds).
The consequences of the colonization of the mainland. The conquest of the mainland by Spain and Portugal brought innumerable troubles to the indigenous people: the Indians were exterminated and pushed into the interior of the mainland, ancient civilizations were destroyed. But along with cruelty and greed, the Europeans nevertheless contributed to the development of culture, spread Christianity.
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Native American beliefs
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Indians are the indigenous population of America.
They were engaged in hunting, fishing, agriculture.
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Canoeing along the rivers
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Mayan Aztecs Incas
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The Aztecs worshiped gods and chanted jaguars.
According to legend, there used to be eternal darkness in the world. To solve this problem, the gods gathered for a council in this place. Tecuciztecatl was the first to illuminate the world. Others abstained from this right. Nanahuatzin was chosen as the second god. The gods kindled a fire into which the elect had to enter. Tecuciztecatl was frightened by the hot fire, but the cold-blooded Nanahuatzin did it. After thinking, Tecuciztecatl was able to overcome himself and completed the path of God. Nanahuatzin was reborn in the Sun, and Tecuciztecatl in the Moon. In honor of this event, people built pyramid temples on this place.
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Teotihuacan city
Teotihuacan is a city where people become gods. This is how the name of the ancient city of Teotihuacan is literally translated from the Aztec language.
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The central pyramid and the largest one symbolizes the Sun, further from it are the smaller pyramids and symbolizing the planets revolving around the celestial body, there is even a pyramid - the Moon. After measuring the distance between the pyramids, scientists reported an unexpected result - all distances correspond to the real ones between space objects in the solar system, but on a scale of 1 to 100 million. Who founded this city, where are its inhabitants and who destroyed it? Despite the huge number of expeditions, there are still no answers to these questions.
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Frescoes of Teotihuacan
When we call the god of thunder Tlaloc, and the serpent with feathers - Quetzalcoatl, these are very conditional comparisons, since Tlaloc and Quetzalcoatl were in fact Aztec gods. The main deity was the so-called Great Goddess Teotihuacan, in the form of a bird, who was responsible for the afterlife, earth, water, and, possibly, for the creation of the world. Human sacrifices took place in the city, but, apparently, they were not abused and were arranged only when the temples and pyramids were laid.
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Pyramid of the sun
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Pyramid at El Tahin
"City of thunder".
The El-Takhin pyramid is dedicated to the supreme god of thunder Tahin - the patron saint of rain.
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Aztec calendar
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Rituals.
Feast of the goddess of young corn; nobility distributes gifts and food to the rabble All images of the gods are decorated with flower garlands. A tortilla and turkey feast. Sweeping houses and roads; imitation of battle Magic rituals for making rain; beating women with bags of straw to make them cry
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The city of Tenochtitlan
According to legend, the god of the sun and war Huitzilopochtli told the Aztecs-Indians to settle where they see such a picture: an eagle on a cactus will hold prey in its claws. What kind of loot was not said. Wandering in the southern lands of North America for almost 130 years, they saw what the sun god told them: an eagle sits on a cactus and holds a snake in its claws (this plot is now displayed on the Mexican flag).
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Observatory at Chichen Itza (Maya)
Caracol Translated from Spanish means "snail". This name was given because of the internal staircase to the top, which has a spiral shape like a snail's shell. A spiral staircase inside the tower leads to the upper room, from which one can observe the sky.
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Temple in Tekala
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Pyramid of Kukulkan
a temple structure that has survived among the ruins of the ancient Mayan city of Chichen Itza. Maya Kukulkan was an analogue of the god Quetzalcoatl.
The stairs are framed by a stone frame starting at the bottom of the serpent's head and continuing in the form of a curving serpentine body to the top of the pyramid. Every year, on the days of the autumn and spring equinox, you can watch the unique spectacle of the "Feathered Serpent". The shadow of the stepped edges of the pyramid falls on the stones of the fence. At the same time, it seems that the Feathered Serpent comes to life and crawls, up in March, and down in September
