A16 Personal endings of verbs. Participle suffixes. Spelling of participle suffixes. Endings and suffixes of participles Before vsh is written
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Slide captions:
Spelling of participle suffixes.
Classification of spellings of participle suffixes that present difficulties for writing Spelling of participle suffixes, depending on the conjugation of the verbs from which they are derived. Spelling before suffixes of past participles with a vowel, which depends on the suffix of the indefinite form of the verb. Spelling Н and НН in suffixes of passive past participles.
The choice of participle suffixes USH.YUSH.ASH.YUSH.EM.IM depends on the conjugation of the verb. Remember: the conjugation of verbs with an unstressed personal ending is determined by the infinitive form of the verb. 2 conjugation I..., AT, YAT 1 conjugation E..., UT, YUT All verbs in IT 4 verbs in AT 7 verbs in EAT SHAVE. STEP Plus all the other verbs Drive, hold, endure, offend, hear, see, hate, and depend, and twirl, and also breathe, look Bleat, winnow, start, repent, bark, cherish, toil, sow, hope, soar, to teat, to melt, to find fault
Rule suffix Write examples USH, YUSH, EM in participles formed from verbs of the 1st conjugation bor Yu yushchiy amulets Emy ASH, YASH, IM in participles formed from verbs 2 conjugations adhesive hearing A schie
Algorithm for spelling suffixes of participles, depending on the conjugation of the verb Step 1: I PUT THE STRESS bore….. the cle……my Step 2: I SELECT THE SUFFIX Step 3: I FORM THE INFINITIVE OF THE VERB AND DETERMINE THE CONJUGATION struggle 1 cle and 2 Step 3: I WRITE UST .YUSH IN PARTICIPLES FORMED FROM VERBS 1 CONJUGATION, AND АШ, ЯШ – FROM VERBS 2 CONJUGATIONS bor yu adhesive adhesive
Algorithm for spelling a vowel before the suffix of past participles VSH Step 1: I PUT THE STRESS Stro... I WRITE A WORD WITH THE SAME VOWEL BEFORE VSH AS IN THE INFINITIVE I built and I
Spelling a vowel before the suffixes of the past participles VSH, Ш Suffix Write examples of the infinitive participle before the suffixes VSH, Ш the same vowel as in the infinitive of the verb heard A wich-hear A , ta I , ta I , view E s - view E is, builder - build A VSH SH I E I
Spelling a vowel before the suffix of past participles НН Suffix Write examples of the infinitive participle before the suffixes НН and Н the same vowel as in the infinitive of the verb crowned А нный - crown А ь, зідінный - від е ь, іннный ннін - відньь ь A Y E NN N I ENN EN Only the vowel I changes to E filed E nny - filed I th
Algorithm for spelling the vowel before the suffix of the participles НН and Н Step 1: I highlight НН,Н Crowned... built Step 2: I FORM THE INFINITIVE OF THE VERB AND EMPHASIZE THE VOWEL FRONT crowned A t built Step 3: I WRITE A WORD WITH A VOWEL A, Z, E, AS IN THE INFINITIVE, BEFORE THE SUFFIX OF PARTICIPLES NN or N. The vowel I in the infinitive becomes the suffix EN or ENN in the participle crowned constructed
Key to 1.3. Swaying on the roof, an examined object, wounding with a word, a rumbling truck, floating in the sun, weakly breathing, swayed by the wind, hated and hated by everyone, completely resolved. dozing, sitting at a lecture, looking bad, lost, dependent on father, shaking with teeth, stinging painfully, meaning a lot, respected by everyone, burned by passion, district under construction, lazy foal.
Preview:
1. 1. Form participles from these verbs, graphically indicate the spelling. Some verbs can be used to form different participles.
Using suffixes-ush- (-yush-), -ash- (-box) | Using suffixes-eat-, -im- |
1. 2. Fill in the missing letters. Explain spelling graphically.
Basking in the sun, often organized...my, audible...rustling, pouring...from the ceiling, driven...by the wind, enduring pain, expelling...my from society, stele ..walking on the ground, a busy housewife, a pincer pencil, praising a performance, begging for mercy, fighting a blizzard, whispering in the ear , a crying baby, a significant...my event, famous...for deeds, a cutting tool, a petting pack,
1. 3. Fill in the missing letters.
Swaying...on the roof, being examined...my object, hurting...with words, rumbling...trucks, dragging...in the sun, weakly...breathing, hesitating... blown by the wind, hated by everyone, completely solvable. driven by desire, dozing...during lectures, poorly...visible, dependent...on father, rubbing teeth, painfully stinging...meaningful... , respected by everyone, burning... with passion, a district under construction, grooming a foal.
Test yourself. Count the number of correct answers.
18-20 points is a good result.
17 or less - do the following exercise.
1. 4. Fill in the missing letters. Explain spelling graphically.
Future in the morning, neatly shaved, dyed hair, advised by everyone, strictly...my boards, edited by me, splashing kids, re... standing banners, on the lists, supported...by my friend, whitening the walls, weeding the beds, sowing in the spring, sharpening the scythe, spread...on the floor , unforgettable... my event, chopping wood... and digging a ditch, barely noticing... mine, in distress.
2.1. Insert the missing letters. Graphically explain spelling where necessary using an internal margin. See 1.2.
Having offended friends, hoping for a miracle, gluing wallpaper, fully recovered, stinging painfully, hearing poorly, exhausted... from hunger, sore. ..had suspicion, seen...a film, started a quarrel, was...in a bag, repented...of evil, aged...early, hated...lies, dissipated.. .having doubts, not wanting to see, daring...over the roof, nurturing a child, a pale...lamb, disgusted with...work.
2.2. Insert the missing letters. Who scored the puck, noticed the danger, looked out attentively, increased his fame, depended on the weather, faded away in silence, cut down bushes, fulfilled his promise, drank kvass, REPLENISHED supplies,
Having built a house, covered...it with grass, suffered...with teeth, remembered...the house, built up the area. hung out in bags. collapsed on the village. PERFORMED on the piano. exchanged the brand. steamed in the bathhouse.
3.1. Form participles from these verbs using the suffix НН, indicate the spelling.
infinitive | past participle with suffix НН |
Measure, hear, sow, clean out, save, drag in, assign, make, pick, tear
3.2. Insert the missing letters. Graphically explain spelling where necessary using the internal margin. See 1.2. an ongoing argument, an offended child, a horseshoe horse, a very narrow... broken lock, a set-in sleeve, a baked pie, a watched... film, a saved ruble, surrounded by... trees , cleaned to a shine, a smoky saucepan, a tailored suit, covered in glory,
3.3. Insert the missing letters.
Dark...cleaning, delayed on the way, having visited the good...arrowed sparrow, cut...material, mixed sugar, having seen the light, pumped out water, undeservedly offended, poorly put...in, hoping for success, despairing, a young man who had overcome boredom,
heard...lice whispers, artfully glued...hanging...pictures, ridiculed...by a friend, offended...a neighbor, kneaded...dough, covered...with a curtain, deflated ...a barrel, accidentally shot..., glued...tight, scattered by fire, finished...work.
Count the points (each word - 1 point). If you typed:
23-25 points - the topic has been mastered well, you can safely move on to the next one;
19-22 points - repeat the spelling of words in which you made mistakes, practice them in the inner margins;
less than 19 points - start working on this topic With from the very beginning, taking into account its gaps. Pay more attention to graphics and work on internal fields.
| The vowel before the suffix –ВШ-of active past participles | The vowel before the suffix –НН-passive past participles |
| Before the suffix –ВШ- the same vowel is written as before Ть in the infinitive: · see t– see Vsh y; · HEARING t- heardA Vsh y; · rasta t– rastaYa Vsh yy. | If the original verb ends in the infinitive with –AT- or –YAT-, then the vowel letter A, I is preserved before NN in the passive past participles: · heard AT- heard; · pose YAT- sown. If the original verb ends in the infinitive with –IT- or –ET-, then only E is written before НН: · see TH– see nn y; · build TH– built. |
Note 1. Spelling vowels before one N in short passive participles follows the same rule as the spelling of the vowel before NN in full passive participles: heard A t - hear A nny – heard A on the.
Note 2. Participles from verbs like become weak – weaken, bleed - bleed differ in vowels E, AND before the suffix -VSH-; compare: exhaustedE gone("he who has lost his strength") and exhaustedAND gone
("depriving someone of power"); bleedingE gone(“the one who lost his blood”) and bleedingAND gone("deprived someone of blood").
Note 3. In gerunds before suffixes -IN-, -VSH- the same vowel that comes in the past tense before -L - (or in the infinitive before -th, compare: get well- E-in (recovered- e-l, get well- e-th), hear- A-in (hear- A-l, hear- A-th), akimbo- AND-leaning (akimbo- And-loose, akimbo- And-tsya).
Violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application
Application is a definition expressed by a noun. If an appendix is the name of something in quotation marks, then the appendix is inconsistent. How to use it correctly?
· If there is a common noun before the application, then the application is used in the nominative case:
I am reading Leo Tolstoy’s book “War and Peace” (Im.p.)
My mother works at the Zarya factory.
· If there is no such common noun, then the application is used in the case that is required by the context:
I admire War and Peace (TVp.)
She works at Zarya (P.P.)
What kind of mistake happens in task No. 7?
She works at the Zarya factory (that's right: at the Zarya factory).
I am reading Leo Tolstoy’s book “War and Peace” (that’s right: the book “War and Peace”).
Not written together:
1. In all cases where without a negative particle Not the word is not used, for example: ignorant, inevitable, unfortunate, indignant, unwell, unwell, lacking (meaning “not enough”), impossible, impossible, really, unbearable, unshakable, unharmed.
2. With nouns, if the negation gives the word a new, opposite meaning, for example: enemy, misfortune, if the negation gives a word that does not have this particle the meaning of opposition, negation, for example: non-specialist, non-Marxist, non-Russian, For example: disagreements between Marxists and non-Marxists; all non-specialists liked the report; a non-Russian will look without love at this pale, bloody, whip-scarred muse (Nekrasov).
3. With full and short adjectives and with adverbs -o(-e), if their combination with Not does not serve to deny any concept, but to express a new, opposite concept, for example: unhealthy looking (i.e. painful), impossible character (i.e. heavy), the sea is rough (i.e. worried), the matter is unclean (i.e. suspicious), come immediately (i.e. immediately, immediately), acted badly (i.e. bad).
4. With full participles, for which there are no explanatory words, for example: unfinished (work), unblown (flower), stainless steel (steel), unloved (child), undisguised (anger), uncompressed (stripe) (in such cases the participle is close to the adjective); But: work not completed on time, a flower not blooming due to the cold, a child not loved by the mother, students who have not yet been examined (in such cases the participle is close in meaning to the verb).
Note. With explanatory words indicating the degree of quality, Not with the participle is written together (in these cases the participles with Not close to an adjective), for example: extremely rash decision, completely inappropriate example, But: a completely inappropriate example (Not written separately due to the presence of an explanatory word to the rule ).
5. In pronouns when Not is not separated from the subsequent pronoun by a preposition, for example: someone, something, no one, nothing
(But: no one, no need, no one, no reason, no reason
).
In pronominal adverbs, for example: no time, nowhere, nowhere, nowhere.
6. In adverbs no need(meaning “aimless”, for example: there is no need to go there), reluctantly; in prepositional combinations despite, despite; in a question particle really.
Writing adverbs and adverbial combinations that include a negation, a preposition and a noun or adjective (for example, unknowingly, inadvertently, by chance, beyond the power
), determined by the rules laid down in § 83, paragraphs 5 and 6.
7. In a verb prefix under-, indicating non-compliance with the required standard, for example: under execute (perform below the required standard), under look (not enough, bad look, miss something), under sprinkle (sleep less than normal).
Note. From verbs with a prefix under- it is necessary to distinguish between verbs with a prefix before-, having negation ahead of them Not and denoting an action that was not completed, for example: not up to read a book, not up to to drink tea, not up to watch the play.
Not written separately:
1. With verbs, including participial forms, for example: she doesn't drink, doesn't eat, doesn't speak; cannot help but see; without looking, without looking, without haste.
About continuous writing despite, despite and verbs with a prefix under- see § 88, paragraphs 6 and 7.
Note. Commonly used verb forms numb, numb, numb are written together.
2. In participles: a) in a short form, for example: the debt is not paid, the house is not completed, the coat is not sewn b) in full form, when the participle contains explanatory words (see § 88, paragraph 4), and also when the participle contains or implies opposition, for example: he did not bring the finished work, but only individual sketches.
3. With nouns, adjectives and adverbs, if there is or is implied opposition, for example: It was not luck that led us to success, but endurance and composure; It’s not death that’s scary, it’s your disfavor that’s scary. (Pushkin); the morning came not clear, but foggy; the train is neither fast nor slow (implied: “at some average speed”); not tomorrow (there cannot but be a contrast here).
Note. You should pay attention to some cases of separate spelling of a particle Not. Particle Not written separately:
a) if with an adjective, participle or adverb, the explanatory word is a pronoun starting with neither, For example: neither to whom
(for no one, etc.) Not necessary thing, neither When Not encountered error, neither to whom Not it is profitable to undertake this;
b) if Not is part of intensifying negations far from, not at all, not at all, not at all, not at all, etc., preceding a noun, adjective or adverb, for example: He not at all friend to us, not far the only wish not at all fair decision, not at all the best way out not far enough.
4. With pronouns and pronominal adverbs, for example: not me, not this, not another, not like that, not otherwise, not like that. About cases of continuous writing Not with pronouns and pronominal adverbs, see § 88, paragraph 5.
Note. Philosophical term not me written with a hyphen.
5. With intensifying adverbs, as well as with prepositions and conjunctions, for example: not very, not quite, not quite, not from..., not under..., not that... not that.
The expression is written separately not once, For example: More than once he accused himself of being overly cautious.
(Fadeev).
6. For unchangeable words that are not formed from adjectives and act as a predicate in a sentence, for example: don't mind, don't mind, don't be sorry.
7. For all words written with a hyphen, for example: all non-commercial and industrial enterprises; it is not said in Russian; They don’t sing in the old way.
Neither written together:
1. In pronouns, if the particle neither is not separated from the subsequent pronoun by a preposition, for example: no one, nothing, no one, nothing, no, no one's, no one's, no one's, But: no one, no one and so on.
2. In adverbs never, nowhere, nowhere, nowhere, no way, not at all, not at all, not at all, not at all and in the particle something.
In all other cases the particle neither written separately.
About using particles neither see § 48.
Note. It is necessary to distinguish between revolutions none other than..., none other than... from revolutions no one else...; nothing else... For example: This was none other than your brother But: no one else could say this; It was nothing more than fire; But: nothing else could scare me.
Determine the verb conjugation.
In participles formed
from verbs of the 1st conjugation, write the suffix -ushch (-yushch): knowing, reading.
from verbs of the 2nd conjugation - -ashch (-box): loving, seeing
Pay attention: Active present participles are formed from the stems of present tense verbs:
know no,know ut– 1st conjugation, stem know + suffix -yush →knowledgeablelove it,love yat – 2nd conjugation, stem love + suffix -box →loving.
2. Suffixes -ем (-ом), -им in passive participles of the present tense: raised, visible
Determine the verb conjugation.
In participles formed from verbs
1st conjugation, write the suffix -em -om: lifted, driven,
2nd conjugation - -im: beloved, visible
Pay attention: Passive present participles are formed from the stems of transitive present tense verbs:
raise no,raise ut- 1st conjugation, stem raise + suffix -em → liftable,love it,love yat - 2nd conjugation, stem love + suffix - -im → Darling.
Step 3. Selecting vowels in past participle suffixes.
Past participle suffixes
1. Vowels before the suffixes -вш, -ш in active past participles: saw, heard, walked
In active past participles before the suffixes -вш, -ш write the same vowel that is written at the base of the infinitive form of the verb: viewe past←looke oh, I hearA heard←heardA t.
2. Distinguishing the vowels of the suffix of the verb stem -а (я) before the suffix -NN and the suffix -ENN in the passive past participles: lost, seen
Determine the final vowel at the base of the infinitive form of the verb.
If passive participles are formed from the stem of the indefinite form of verbs
with the suffix -a- -я-, before the participle suffix -nn- write the letters and I): lost ← lose,
with suffixes -i- or -e- , in the suffix -enn- write the letter e:filled ← fill.
Complete tasks
Assignment from the demo version of FIPI 2015:
Write down the word in which the letter I is written in place of the gap.
transform...my
dissolute
take a look...
broken
washed...washed
Performance:
1. Put the verbs in the personal form into the indefinite form: look...look at it - look at it.
2. Determine the conjugation: stare - verb 2 sp. It is a derived verb from the verb look, So this is an exception.
3. Knowing the conjugation, determine the unstressed vowels in the personal form: inspectionAnd sew. The letter I is missing.
4. Identify the vowels in the suffixes of participles: reformed, dissolved, broken and washed.
1) transform...my, washed...my- suffer. prib. present vr., therefore, it is necessary: to know the conjugation of the verbs from which they are formed: transform...my- from convert(1st reference), washed...washed- from wash(1st reference), write a vowele : transformed, washed.
2) dissolute, broken...- suffer. prib. past vr., therefore, it is necessary to know the indefinite form of the verb from which it is formed, and the suffix of this form: dissolute - from dissolve, broken...from breaking. Since in passive past participles formed from the indefinite form of a verb with the suffix and, the suffix enne is written, then write a vowele : loose, broken .
Spelling: spelling participle suffixes(formation of active participles of the present and past tense, passive participles of the present and past tense).
Formation of active present participles
Active present participles are formed from the stem of imperfect present tense verbs using suffixes -ushch (-yushch) from verbs of the 1st conjugation and suffixes -ashch (-box) from verbs of the 2nd conjugation: play - the one who plays, writes - the one who writes, shaves - the one who shaves, builds - the one who builds, shouts - the one who screams, sees - the one who sees.
Formation of active past participles
Active past participles are formed from the stem of the indefinite form using suffixes -vsh- (-sh-). Suffix -vsh- used if the stem of the indefinite form ends in a vowel: read - read, laugh - laughed . In this case, the suffix of the indefinite form is preserved before -vsh- just like in the past tense of the verb before -l: see - saw - having seen, melt - melted - melted.
Suffix -sh- used if the stem of the indefinite form ends in a consonant, as, for example, in all verbs ending in -whose. In this case, there is an alternation h/g, k. By using -sh- participles are formed from verbs ending -ti(in this case, alternations are also possible).
Formation of present passive participles
Present passive participles are formed from the present tense stem of transitive imperfective verbs using suffixes -eat- (-om-) from verbs of the 1st conjugation and suffix -them- from verbs of the 2nd conjugation: lead - led, respect - respected, see - visible, store - stored . You need to remember the participle with the suffix -them-- movable (in the meaning of “impelled”: “driven by a feeling of remorse”; also used in relation to property that can be moved). This participle is not formed from the verb move (I conjugation), and from an obsolete verb "move" .
Many transitive verbs have passive present participles Not are formed (for example, take, wait, reap, write, wash, pour, beat, drink and etc.). At the same time, there are several passive participles formed from intransitive verbs: preceded, guided, controlled .
Passive present participles should not be confused with verbal adjectives with suffixes -eat-, -im-(fossil, permissible, incomparable, invincible, inextinguishable). Such adjectives can be formed from intransitive verbs (dependent, inexhaustible, waterproof, incessant, unfading, incombustible) and from perfective verbs (beg - inexorable). Most of them are not used without the prefix Not-(imperturbable, unbearable, invisible, innumerable, inexhaustible). Features that are indicated by verbal adjectives are constant and do not occur over time (unlike features indicated by participles).
Formation of passive past participles
Passive past participles are formed from the bases of the indefinite form of transitive verbs using suffixes -nn-, -enn- (-yonn-), -t- (read, seen, decided, understood ).
Using a suffix -nn- -at, -yat. In this case, the verb suffix -A- or -I- preserved before the participle suffix - nn-(sow - sown, knead - mixed).
Using a suffix -enn- (yonn-) Passive past participles are formed from verbs in -it, -et. In this case, the verb suffix -And- or -e- is cut off ( seal - sealed, see - seen, offend - offended, ask - asked ). Participle suffixes -enn- (-yonn-) also used to form participles from verbs with a consonant as a stem (verbs with -whose: captivate - captivated, save - saved ; verbs with endings -ti: bring - brought, weave - intertwined ).
Table “Spelling of participle suffixes”
You looked at the Russian language notes. Continuation of the topic “Communion is” in the following notes:
In the course of studying morphology, schoolchildren study the topic “Suffixes of real and passive participles.” Let’s take a closer look at the intricacies and features of this group.
Participle
What is this interesting phenomenon? To this day, disputes between linguists have not subsided. Opinions are divided: some consider the sacrament because it has a number of its own characteristics. Others are sure that this is just a verb form. If you look at the history of its origin, you can find out that it was formed precisely from the verb. True, outwardly it looks more like an adjective. Yes, and it borrowed some functions from him: they both answer the same question (which one?), and their syntactic role is the same (definition). Therefore, scientists argue and cannot come to a common decision.
Various educational and methodological complexes, according to which the Russian language is taught at school, also approach this situation differently. For example, M. M. Razumovskaya classifies the participle as a verbal form, and V. V. Babaytseva - as an independent part of speech. But both textbooks say that it is still not clear to which category it should be classified.
Valid
Before considering the suffixes of active and passive participles, you need to know that this part of speech is usually divided into two large groups according to meaning. The first is called real. They received this name due to their purpose: to name the signs of objects that themselves perform an action.
Consider an example: “The wind blowing from the sea was furious.”
As we can see, the wind blew independently from the sea, without resorting to anyone’s help and without being subject to any influence. It is these forms that are called real.
Another example: “The dog guarding the house was a large breed.”
The object in this sentence protects the house, that is, it performs the action on its own. Thus, the participle “guarded” belongs to the category of active ones.
Passive
The next group, which has a slightly different purpose, is the category of passive participles. They are so named because they do not perform the action, but are subject to it.
Let's look at an example: “The parents, called to school by the teacher, were worried.”
In this sentence we see the participle “called out.” It was formed from the verb “to call.” Let’s make sure that the parents did not decide to come to school on their own, but at the request of the teacher. We see that it is not they themselves who perform the action, it is performed on them. That is why such participles are classified as passive. That is, parents seem to “suffer”, experiencing someone’s influence on themselves.
Suffixes of active and passive present participles
Now that we have understood the intricacies of this morphological group, we can move on to the main topic. Each of the categories will have its own word formation characteristics.
The suffixes of active and passive participles will differ depending on the tense. So, in the present tense the following are distinguished: -ushch and -yushch, as well as -ashch and -yashch. Example: rebelling, singing, holding, speaking. As you can see, all of them are valid. For the passive they are different: -om, -im, -em. Example: attracted, persecuted, condemned.
In the active present participle, all suffixes have special spelling features.
If you don't know the rules, many questions arise. For example, how should you write: struggling or fighting? The verb from which this word is formed will help us with this - to fight. Let's determine its conjugation. Since its stem ends in -ot, this is 1 conjugation. Now you need to use the following rule: if the word belongs to 1 conjugation, we write -ushch or -yushch. If to the second - then -ashch or -yashch. Thus, we found out that in the word “struggling” it is necessary to write -yush. The main thing is to know how to determine the conjugation of verbs.
The table helps you remember the suffixes of active and passive participles better. And besides, you can always turn to her if a rule suddenly slips out of your head.
Suffixes of active and passive past participles
Now, having examined the features of the formation of this part of speech in the present tense, we can move on to the next stage. It is worth remembering that participles cannot be used in the future tense, so we will continue to talk about the past. They borrowed this feature from the verb.
In the past tense, the suffixes -вш and -ш are distinguished. For example: melted, sprouted.
The passives have more of them: -nn, -enn, -t. For example: seeded, attached, pinned.
And again, the table will help us remember the suffixes of active and passive participles.
With the first category everything is clear, no difficulties arise, but with the passive it is more difficult. In some words, it is not always clear which suffix should be highlighted: -nn or -enn. Let's consider the word “offended.” It would seem that by highlighting the suffix -enn, we will not make a mistake. But that's not true. According to the rule, if the verb that formed the participle ends in -at, -yat, -et, then we select the suffix -nn.
In this example, the stem of the verb “offend” ends in -et, so we define the suffix -nn in the participle.
Let's take another example: "dressed up." And again, remember the rule: if the verb ends in -it, -ti or -ch, then in this case we will only use the suffix -enn.
We will do the same in the words “baked” (bake), “brought” (bring), “asked” (ask).
Tasks
In Russian language lessons, the teacher pays special attention to how and when suffixes of active and passive participles are used. Exercises on this topic will help you understand it more fully.
First you need to give a list of verbs and ask the children to determine their conjugation. Then you should give the task to form participles of different grades and tenses from them.
For example:
- prick (1 sp.) - stabbing (actual, present tense), stabbing (actual, past tense);
- speak (2 sp.) - speaker (actual, present tense), speaker (actual, past tense);
- shave (1 sp., ex.) - shaving (actual, present time), shaved (actual, past tense), shaved (suffering, past tense);
- offend (2 sp., ex.) - offended (sufferer, present tense), offended (sufferer, past tense).
